Psychology Chapter 12

Front 1

attitudes

Back 1

the evaluation of ovjects, events, or ideas.

Front 2

mere exposure effect

Back 2

greater exposure to an item(therefore greater familiarity) causes people to have more positive atittudes about the item

Front 3

classical conditioning

Back 3

when a neutral stimulus is paired with another object, the the neutral stimulus triggers the same attitude as the paired object

Front 4

operant conditioning

Back 4

if you are rewarded with good grades each time you study, you will develop a more positive attitude toward studying

Front 5

attitude accessibility

Back 5

the ease with which memories related to an attitude are retrieved

easily activated attitudes - more stable, predictive of behavior, and resistant to change

Front 6

explicit attitudes

Back 6

attitudes that people can report

Front 7

implicit attitudes

Back 7

attitudes that influence our feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

Front 8

IAT

Back 8

implicit association test - measures implicit attitudes

Front 9

cognitive dissonance

Back 9

an uncomfortable mental state due to conflicts between attitudes or between attitudes and behavior

Front 10

postdecisional dissonance

Back 10

when someone has to decide between two or three alternatives, positive aspects of one are compared to negative aspects of another

Front 11

persuasion

Back 11

the active and conscious effort to change attitudes through the transmission of a message

Front 12

elaboration likelihood model

Back 12

a theory of how persuasive messages lead to attitude changes

works via 2 routes: central route, and peripheral route

Front 13

central route

Back 13

people pay attention to arguments, consider all the information, and use rational cognitive processes - leads to strong attitudes that last over time and are resistant to change

Front 14

peripheral route

Back 14

people minimally process the message - leads to more-impulsive action, as when a person decides to purchase a product because a celbrity has endorsed it

Front 15

persuasive cues

Back 15

source - who delivers the message
content - what the message says
receiver - who processes the message

Front 16

nonverbal behavior

Back 16

the facial expressions, gestures, mannerisms, and movements by which one communicates with others

Front 17

thin slices of behavior

Back 17

accurate judgments based on only a few seconds of observation

Front 18

gait

Back 18

how people walk

Front 19

attributions

Back 19

people's causal explanations for why events or actions occur

Front 20

just world hypothesis

Back 20

victims must have done something to justify what happened to them

Front 21

personal attributions

Back 21

(internal/dispositional attributions) - explanations that refer to things within people (abilities, traits, moods, and effort)

Front 22

situational attributions

Back 22

(external attributions) - refer to outside events, such as the weather, luck, accidents, or the actions of other people

Front 23

fundamental attribution error
(correspondence bias)

Back 23

the tendency to overemphasize personal factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining someone else's behavior

Front 24

actor/observer discrepancy

Back 24

people tend to overestimate personal attributes in explaining someone else's behavior, but underestimate it when explaining their own

Front 25

stereotypes

Back 25

cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast pocessing of information about pople based on their membership in certain groups

Front 26

subtyping

Back 26

when someone does not fit in a stereotype, that person is put in a special category rather than alter the whole stereotype

Front 27

self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 27

people's tendency to behave in ways that confirm their own or others' expectations

Front 28

stereotype threat mechanisms

Back 28

-physiological stress affecting prefrontal functioning
-a tendency for people to think about their performances, which can distract them from the tasks
-attempts to suppress negative thoughts and emotions, which require a great deal of effort

Front 29

prejudice

Back 29

the usually negative affective or attitudinal responses associated with stereotypes

Front 30

discrimination

Back 30

the inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based solely on their group membership

Front 31

ingroups

Back 31

groups to which we belong

Front 32

outgroups

Back 32

groups to which we do not belong

Front 33

outgroup homogeneity effect

Back 33

people tend to view outgroup members as less varied than ingroup members

Front 34

ingroup favoritism

Back 34

the tendency for people to evaluate favorably and privilege members of the ingroup more than members of the outgroup

Front 35

superordinate goals

Back 35

those that require people to cooperate

Front 36

social facilitation

Back 36

the mere presence of other people leads to increased arousal

-presence of others leads to arousal
-arousal leads people to emit a dominant response
-this can in turn enhance or impair performance

Front 37

social loafing

Back 37

the tendency for people to work less hard in a group than when working alone

Front 38

deindividuation

Back 38

a phenomenon of low self-awareness, in which people lose their individuality and fail to attend to personal standards

-happens when people are aroused, anonymous, and when responsibility is diffused

Front 39

risky-shift effect

Back 39

groups often make riskier decisions than individuals do

Front 40

group polarization

Back 40

groups are sometimes more cautious because they tend to enhance the initial attitudes of members who already agree

Front 41

social norms

Back 41

expected standards of conduct, which influence behavior

Front 42

conformity

Back 42

the altering of one's opinions or behaviors to match those of others or to match social norms

Front 43

autokinetic effect

Back 43

stationary point of light appears to move when viewed in a totally dark environment

Front 44

factors that diminish conformity

Back 44

group size, lack of unanimity

Front 45

compliance

Back 45

the tendency to agree to do things requested by others

Front 46

foot-in-the-door effect

Back 46

people will more likely comply with a large and undesirable request if earlier they have agreed to a small request

Front 47

door-in-the-face effect

Back 47

people will more likely agree to a small request after they have refused a large request

Front 48

low-balling strategy

Back 48

start with a very low price and then add costs to that