Psych/soc Chapter 5

Front 1

Nonassociative Learning

Back 1

Repeated exposure to one type of stimulus

1) Habituation ("tuning out")

2) Sensitization (Increase in responsiveness)

Front 2

Associative Learning

Back 2

An event, object, or action is directly associated with another

1) Classical conditioning

2) Operant conditioning

Front 3

Classical Conditioning

Back 3

Two stimuli are paired so the response to one stimulus changes

Front 4

Neutral Stimulus

Back 4

Classical conditioning - stimulus that initially has no intrinsic response (bell)

Front 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 5

Stimulus (presentation of food) that elicits an unconditioned response (salivation)

Front 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 6

Originally neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus

Front 7

Conditioned Response

Back 7

Learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Front 8

Acquisition

Back 8

Learning the conditioned response

Front 9

Extinction

Back 9

Unpairing of conditioned/unconditioned stimulus

Front 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 10

An extinct conditioned response occurs again when the conditioned stimulus is presented

Front 11

Generalization

Back 11

Stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Front 12

Discrimination

Back 12

Opposite of generalization

Front 13

Operant Conditioning

Back 13

Uses reinforcement and punishment to mold behavior and cause associative learning (B.F. Skinner - Skinner Box experiment)

Front 14

Positive Reinforcement

Back 14

Positive stimulus immediately following behavior

Front 15

Negative reinforcement

Back 15

Removal of a negative stimulus immediately following behavior

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

Increasing a desired behavior

Front 17

Primary reinforcer

Back 17

Satisfying or desirable

Front 18

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 18

Neutral stimuli paired with primary reinforcers to make them conditioned (i.e. saying "sit" and giving a dog a treat)

Front 19

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Back 19

Every occurrence of behavior is reinforced (faster acquisition, but fast extinction after reinforcement is removed)

Front 20

Intermittent Reinforcement Schedule

Back 20

Occurrences are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not (slower acquisition, but longer persistence of behavior)

Front 21

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Back 21

Reinforcement after a set number of instances of behavior

Front 22

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Back 22

Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of behaviors

Front 23

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Back 23

Reinforcement after a set period of time

Front 24

Variable-Interval Schedule

Back 24

Reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time

Front 25

Punishment

Back 25

Decreasing an undesired behavior

Front 26

Positive Punishment

Back 26

Application of a negative stimulus with a behavior

Front 27

Negative Punishment

Back 27

Removal of a reinforcing stimulus after a negative behavior occurs

Front 28

Escape

Back 28

Engaging in a particular behavior to avoid an aversive stimulus

Front 29

Avoidance

Back 29

Performing a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented

Front 30

Behaviorism

Back 30

Explanation of psychology through observable antecedents of behaviors and its consequences

Front 31

Cognitive Psychology

Back 31

Focus on the brain, cognition, and their effects

Front 32

Insight Learning

Back 32

Previously learned behaviors are combined in unique ways

Front 33

Latent Learning

Back 33

Something is learned but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required

Front 34

Modeling

Back 34

Imitating observed behavior (Albert Bandura - bobo doll experiment)