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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning |
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior and potential behavior |
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Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning |
Learning to associate one event w another.
Type of associative learning that Pavlov discovered while studying digestion.
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Unconditioned stimulus (US) |
A stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a certain way.
EX: food |
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Unconditioned response (UR) |
A response that takes place in an organism whenever a US occurs
EX: salivation due to the food |
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Conditioned stimulus |
The process/ thing that eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
EX bell
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Conditioned response |
CR- after conditioning, the response an organism produces when a CS is presented
EX salivating at sound of bell |
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Intermittent pairing |
Paring the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus of only a portion of the learning trials |
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Desensitization therapy |
A conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
HOW: placing something with a positive connection in the presence of an anxiety trigger |
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Preparedness |
A biological readiness to learn certain associations because of their survival advantages |
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Conditioned taste aversion |
Conditioned avoidance of certain foods even if there’s only one pairing of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
(When you have a bad experience w a certain taste/ food) |
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Operant (instrumental) conditioning |
Learning g to make or withhold a certain response because if it’s consequences |
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Operant behaviors |
Behaviors designed to operate on the environment Behavior used in order to gain something pleasant or avoid something unpleasant |
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To be Conditioned |
To be used to / accustomed to a specific process/ reaction |
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Emitted behavior |
Acts that occur intentionally by an organism |
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Positive Reinforcer |
Increase the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated (Adding something rewarding g to the equation) |
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Negative reinforcer |
The likelihood of a behavior being repeated is increased by subtracting something from the equation (Subtract something unpleasant. IE a loud noise won’t stop until you perform the desired reaction) |
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Law of effect |
Thorndike Behavior consistently rewarded- stamped in (learned behavior) Behavior that brings discomfort- stamped out |
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Skinner box |
Used in operant conditioning of animals Limits available responses therefore Increasing the likelihood that ongoing behavior will occur |
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Shaping |
Reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior Taking small steps to reach an overall goal |
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Punishment |
Decreasing the likelihood that a behavior will continue due to the presence of a negative event
Any even that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will continue |
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Punishment cannot: Punishment can: Punishment can teach: |
-Unteach unwanted behavior -backfire -aggression |
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Avoidance training |
Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something - like a punishment |
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Learned helplessness |
Failure to attempt avoiding something unpleasant as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli |
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Biofeedback |
Operant conditioning used to control biological functions (heart rate, blood pressure, & body temp) |
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Neurofeedback |
When biofeedback is used to measure brain waves |
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Contingency |
A reliable “if-then” relationship between a CS and a US |
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Backward conditioning |
A behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus’s presented before a neural stimulus |
