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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multidirectionality
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LDA - development can result in both increases and decreases at varying rates within the same person, age period, or category of behavior
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Multidimensionality
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LDA - development can affect multiple capacities or aspects of a person - personality, intelligence, and perception can be changing at the same time
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Plasticity
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LDA - it is possible to improve functioning throughout the life span, though there are limits on how much a person can improve at any age
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History and context
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LDA - people develop within a physical and social context, which differs at different points in history – individuals not only respond to their context but also interact with and actively influence it
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Multiple causality
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LDA - development has multiple causes – because no single perspective can adequately describe or explain the complexities of development, the study of lifespan development requires cooperative, multidisciplinary efforts of scholars from many fields
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Development
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a systematic process of adaptive change in behavior in one more directions
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Change
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a difference in something or someone from one time to another
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Microsystem
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LEI - everyday environment of home, school, work, or neighborhood, including face-to-face relationships (spouse, children, friends, etc.)
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Mesosystem
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LEI - interlocking of various microsystems – linkages between home, school, work, and neighborhood
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Exosystem
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LEI - linkages between a microsystem and outside systems or institutions that affect a person indirectly
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Macrosystem
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LEI - overarching cultural patterns, such as dominant beliefs, ideologies, and economic and political systems
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Chronosystem
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LEI - adds the dimension of time: change or constancy in the person and the environment (changes in family structure, employment, etc.)
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Productive Aging
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views older persons as potentially unlimited human resources contributing to the goods, services, and products available for themselves and society
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Theory
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a coherent set of related concepts which seeks to organize and explain data
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Meta-theory
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a broad hypothesis, or tentative explanation, about how the world works
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Model
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a concrete image or structural representation of theoretical relationships
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Erikson’s theory of personality development
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illustrates an important feature of organismic development – integration driven by conflict. the resolution of a crisis or turning point depends on achieving healthy balance between opposing traits, which results in the development of a virtue.
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Reliability
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the results are consistent over time
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Validity
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conclusions must appropriately apply to the phenomena and populations being studied
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Three common ways of gathering data:
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self reports (diaries, interviews, surveys, etc.), behavioral methods (tests and other measurements), and observation
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Three limitations are that observation by itself:
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cannot explain behavior, an observer’s presence may affect behavior, and the value of observation may be limited by observer bias
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Advantages/limitations of case studies:
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Advantages: they are flexible, can provide detailed picture of one person’s behavior and development, and can generate hypotheses
Limitations: they may not generalize to others, conclusions are not directly testable, and they cannot establish cause and effect |
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Correlational studies cannot tells us:
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a conclusion about cause and effect
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Quasi-experiments have internal validity problems because:
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it does not have control based on random assignment – meaning that the researcher cannot confidently rule out alternative explanations for an outcome
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Three types of quasi-experiments:
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are cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies, and time-lag studies
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Shaie combined quasi-experimental study approaches to create three sequential designs:
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the cohort-sequential design (separating age and cohort effects and their interactions by replicating a longitudinal study with two or more cohorts), the time-sequential design (separating age and time of measurement and their interaction), and the cross-sequential design (separating cohort and time of measurement and their interactions by using the time-lag method)
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Life expectancy
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the age to which a person born at a certain time and place is statistically likely to live
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Longevity
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how long a particular person actually does live
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Today’s longer life span stems largely from:
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a dramatic reduction in infant and child deaths, fewer young adult deaths, new treatment for many once-fatal illnesses, and a better-educated, more health-conscious population with more effective health care
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Five most common causes of death in later years:
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- Heart disease
- Cancer - Stroke - Lung disease - Accidents |
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Hayflick limit
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the limit on the number of times a cell can divide
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Four life-extending techniques:
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1. deep and rhythmic breathing
2. frequent sexual intercourse 3. hot baths followed by cooling off 4. eating small portions and fasting periodically |
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Most theories about biological aging fall into two general categories:
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genetic-programming theories (hold that bodies age according to a normal developmental timetable built into genes) and variable-rate theories (view aging as a result of processes that vary from person to person and are influenced by both internal and external environments)
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Programmed senescence
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GPT - result of sequential switching on and off of certain genes
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Endocrine theory
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GPT - biological clocks act through hormones to control aging pace
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Immunological theory
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GPT - a programmed decline in the immune system functions leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease and thus to aging and death
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Gene therapy
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replacement or insertion of genes to correct a defect, improve functioning, or delay senescence
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Wear-and-tear theory
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VRT - body ages as a result of accumulated damage to the system
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Free-radical theory
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VRT - aging is caused by the harmful effects of free-radicals, that react with and can damage cell membranes, proteins, fats, carbs, and even DNA
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Rate-of-living theory
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VRT - the speed of metabolism determines length of life
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Error-catastrophe theory/somatic-mutation theory
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VRT - as body cells divide, errors occur, causing aging
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Cross-linking theory
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VRT - aging is caused by errors to bonds or links that form between cellular proteins
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Primary aging
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a gene-coded gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration that begins in early life and continues through the years
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Secondary aging
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consists of results of disease, abuse, and disuse – factors that are avoidable and within people’s control.
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Most age-related visual problems occur in:
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- Dynamic vision: reading moving signs
- Near vision - Sensitivity to light - Visual search: locating a sign - Speed of processing visual information |
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Four visual disorders and diseases are:
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- Cataracts – cloudy or opaque areas in the lens which prevent light from passing through, causing blurred vision
- Age-related macular degeneration – the macula (central part of the retina) gradually loses ability to distinguish fine details - Glaucoma – fluid pressure builds up within the eye because of inadequate drainage, which damages the optic nerve - Corneal disease – cornea becomes clouded, scarred, or distorted by injury, disease, or hereditary defects |
