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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Perception |
how we form impressions of other people and make inferences from them Ex: when you first meet someone, how do you know if you like him/her? |
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Nonverbal communication |
intentional - smiling when you meet someone unintentional - reactions to a situation, not thinking with facial expressions |
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encoding |
our ability to express emotion |
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decoding |
our ability to interpret other people's expressed emotions |
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when decoding goes wrong: |
Affect blend - experience two different emotions, making it harder to decode lying, sarcasm, true mixed emotions |
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Less universal emotion: |
Guilt, Shame, Embarrassment, Pride |
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Universal emotions: |
Happy, Anger, Sad, Surprise, Fear, Disgust |
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Emblems |
gestures of the hands and arms that are significant to the culture for example: eye contact: USA vs Nigeria culture the OK sign: USA vs Mexican culture sign of the horns: USA vs Italy culture |
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Implicit personality theory |
schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together two schemas we use: warmth and competence |
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Attribution theory: |
how people explain the causes of their own and others’ behaviors |
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Internal attribution |
has something to do with yourself, you choose to do it because so |
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External attribution |
something to do with environment, choose to do it because so |
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Correspondent Inference Theory |
example: A person is choosing between two jobs. They are very similar apart from location and salary. This makes it easier for us to attribute their choice to the person’s individual preferences. If they choose the lower salary job, it is easy for us to assume that the person is not money-driven. |
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free choice: (your own choice) |
low = making a choice at gunpoint moderate = volunteering to walk someone’s dog high = read a book for you pleasure |
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expectedness of the behavior: (expected/normal) |
low: punching your boss moderate: you fake an excuse to get out of watching a dog high: agree to watch your boss’ dog |
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Covariation Model |
how we decide to make an internal or external attribution about person and their behavior |
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3 types of key information (Covariation Model) |
consensus: how other people behave distinctiveness: how a person responds to other stimuli consistency: frequency of the behavior |
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Internal Attribution (Covariation Model) |
consensus low: others don't do this distinctiveness low: they do this regardless of the situation consistency high: always does this |
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External attribution (Covariation Model) |
Consensus High Distinctiveness High Consistency HIgh however, when consistency is low...something strange is going on |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
tendency to overestimate internal attributions (also called the correspondence bias ) |
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Self-serving attributions |
when we explain: our success = internal our failures = external |
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Unrealistic Optimism |
good things = more likely to happen to me than others bad things = less likely to happen to me than others belief in a just world = good things happen to good people |
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defensive attribution |
defends us against feelings of vulnerability reduces anxiety about the randomness of the social world |
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The self-concept |
how we communicate who we are (what you tell other people) |
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Self-knowledge |
all the information you know about yourself in your whole life (what you keep to yourself) |
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Functions of self-concept (Organizational) |
organize interpret recall |
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Functions of self-concept (Executive) |
organizes behavior plans for future |
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How early do we have a sense of self? What test is used to determine sense of self? |
18-24 Months Rouge Test - test to see if babies know they are a person yet, red dot on forehead. (not unique to humans, unique to animals/humans with higher cortical area) |
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Individualistic Self Concept |
individual needs are more important ex: i go to college so I can have more money for myself , your needs are top priority |
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Collectivistic Self Concept |
group needs are more important ex: i go to college to support my family/parents with a better job, other peoples needs are just as important as yours |
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Gender differences in self concept |
relational interdependence (females) close diads, strong ties collective interdependence (males) large groups, loose ties |
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Self Awareness Theory |
when made more aware of themselves, people evaluate whether: what they are doing = how they see themselves if mismatched: change self or behavior or reduce or escape self-awareness |
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Intrinsic Motivation |
Doing something because you enjoy it |
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Extrinsic Motivation |
Doing something because it has direct benefits or an external reward
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Performance-Contingent Rewards |
based on how well the task is performed, performance rewards |
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Task-Contingent Reward |
given merely for participation |
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Social Tuning |
the process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes, conscious or unconscious |
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Social Comparison Theory |
explains how individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self. |
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self-verification |
drive to seek consistent information
want others to see our “true” self people will even seek negative self-knowledge if they have a negative self-image |
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Maintain or Protect Self-esteem |
reduce self-awareness - don't do selfies, don't look in a mirror self-serving cognitions - good things happen because of me, bad things happen because of the environment self-handicapping - failure is inevitable |
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Cognitive dissonance theory |
According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance. |
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impact bias |
overestimate the duration and intensity of emotional reactions; both positive and negative |
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belief-disconfirmation paradigm |
believe something to be true, but you receive information that goes against belief What to do? avoid thinking about the discrepancy & add consonant cognitions to make it less dissonant |
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Effort-Justification Paradigm |
change in attitude because of the effort involved to attain it ex: paid A LOT of money for these tickets but my view sucks ex: went thru med school, end up not enjoying being a doctor |
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Insufficient Justification |
people induced to do or say something that goes against actual beliefs ex: grad student who cannot go out internal justification: you like going out and forgot about it external justification: friends from home convinced you to go out |
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Forbidden Toy paradigm |
Once forbidden, makes that thing/behavior seem more appealing ex: mom takes toy away from child, child now wants the toy the most because it is forbidden |
