Bio 251 Exam 2

Front 1

Genetics

Back 1

Study of hereditary material

Front 2

Genome

Back 2

All the genetic material of the cell

Front 3

Semiconservative replication

Back 3

Where the parent strand is split into two, and a new strand is attached to each

Front 4

Transcription

Back 4

First step in going from genes to proteins, where a gene is copied into mRNA

Front 5

Translation

Back 5

Where code from mRNA is decoded to a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide bond

Front 6

mRNA

Back 6

Messanger rna, go from DNA to the ribosome

Front 7

Codon

Back 7

A group of 3 bases that specify a particular amino acid

Front 8

Degeneracy

Back 8

The process of having multiple codons for each amino acid

Front 9

Charged tRNA

Back 9

A molecule that has an amino acid bound to it

Front 10

Ribosome binding site

Back 10

The EPA sites, where translation starts

E = exit site

P = peptide bond site

A = site of entry for tRNA

Front 11

Peptidyl transferase

Back 11

An enzyme on the ribosome that forms peptide bonds between amino acids in translation

Front 12

Missense mutation

Back 12

Caused by base substitution

Front 13

Frameshift mutation

Back 13

Caused by base addition or deletion

Front 14

Nonsense mutation

Back 14

Caused by base substitution

Front 15

Genotype

Back 15

Genetic makeup of an organism

Front 16

Phenotype

Back 16

Observable traits an organism has

Front 17

Mutation

Back 17

Change in the genetic makeup of an organism

Front 18

Horizontal gene transfer

Back 18

In bacteria, swapping of genetic material between individuals independent of reproduction

Front 19

Vertical gene transfer

Back 19

Transfer of genetic material from parent to offspring, sexual or asexual

Front 20

Plasmids

Back 20

Small self-replicating, Circular pieces of extra-chromosomal DNA

Front 21

Hyperthermophiles

Back 21

Organism that can live in extremely hot environments

Front 22

Thermophiles

Back 22

Organisms that live in extremely high temperatures

Front 23

Mesophiles

Back 23

Organisms that live in moderate temperatures

Front 24

Psychrotrophs

Back 24

Bacteria that live in extreme cold

Front 25

Acidophiles

Back 25

Extremely tolerant of low pH

Front 26

Obligate halophiles

Back 26

Organisms that have adapted to and require high salt environments

Front 27

Facultative halophiles

Back 27

Organisms that live in high salt concentration, but doesn't have to

Front 28

Superoxide dismutase

Back 28

Catalyzes -O2 + -O2 2H+ == H2O2 + O2

Front 29

Catalase

Back 29

Deals with peroxide, catalyzes -2H2O2 == 2H2O + O2

Front 30

Culture media

Back 30

Allows growth of organisms in a lab with controlled conditions

Front 31

Inoculation

Back 31

When bacteria is introduced to a media

Front 32

Inoculum

Back 32

The bacteria used in a media

Front 33

Culture

Back 33

The breeding of bacteria

Front 34

Complex media

Back 34

We do not know everything in it, or how much there is

Front 35

Chemically defined media

Back 35

We know everything that is in it and how much

Front 36

Agar

Back 36

Complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae

Front 37

Reduced media

Back 37

Media which has no oxygen

Front 38

Incubator

Back 38

An oven like creation

Front 39

Anaerobic jar

Back 39

Small vessels which can add CO2 as well as remove O2

Front 40

Pure culture

Back 40

A culture with one type of bacteria

Front 41

Selective media

Back 41

Encourages the growth of one organism

Front 42

Differential media

Back 42

Allows for one microbe to be differentiated from others grown on the plate

Front 43

Enrichment media

Back 43

Increases the number of target bacteria to be cultured

Front 44

Generation time

Back 44

Time required for one cell to divide and become two

Front 45

Log phase

Back 45

Cells are actively dividing in exponential format

Front 46

Lag phase

Back 46

Occurs when cells are first inoculated and are adjusting to the culture

Front 47

Stationary phase

Back 47

Nutrients run out, waste builds up, pH will change, cells begin to die and growth slows

Front 48

Death phase

Back 48

Toxicity of media increases and death becomes more rampant than growth

Front 49

Pour plating

Back 49

Where a sample is combined with molten agar and poured into a plate

Front 50

Spread plating

Back 50

Sample of bacteria is spread over solidified agar

Front 51

Snap freezing

Back 51

Culture is combined with antifreeze

Front 52

Lyphilization

Back 52

A culture is put in a tube and snap frozen

Front 53

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Back 53

Layer of secreted DNA, proteins and polysaccharides

Front 54

Biofilms

Back 54

A thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface