Psych 241 Test 2

Front 1

True or False

Most neonates sleep for 80% of the time.

Back 1

True

Front 2

True or False

Giving prompt attention to a crying infant in the first 3 months contributes to "spoiling" the baby.

Back 2

False

Front 3

True or False

Visual acuity at birth is 20/20

Back 3

False

Front 4

True or False

Attachment behavior becomes the foundation for future social relationships.

Back 4

True

Front 5

True or False

Child abuse is defined as physical and/or psychological injury.

Back 5

True

Front 6

True or False

Any and all cases of suspected child abuse must be reported by health and educational professionals.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or False

According to Bandura, children learn specific forms of aggression, such as hitting, by watching other people perform them.

Back 7

True

Front 8

By ____ weeks, our authors state that infants generally begin "sleeping through the night".

Back 8

8 weeks

Front 9

What does "sleeping through the night" generally mean?

Back 9

2-3 of two our cycles

Front 10

By ____ months, sleep patterns are said to be more regular.

Back 10

6 months

Front 11

The ability of infants to learn immediately after birth is attributed to ________ _________ & __________ ________

Back 11

operant conditioning & classical conditioning

Front 12

According to our authors, what are the two most critical characteristics of primary caregivers in impacting secure attachment?

Back 12

1. emotional availability
2. contingent responsiveness

Front 13

What other variables have been reported to be important to the establishment of secure and insecure attachments?

Back 13

. married vs. cohabitating
. marital issues
. caregivers with mental health issues

Front 14

An adult's ________ ________ of attachment affects his/her parenting behavior.

Back 14

internal modeling

Front 15

The ability of infants to learn immediately after birth is attributed to ________ _________ & __________ ________

Back 15

operant conditioning & classical conditioning

Front 16

According to our authors, what are the two most critical characteristics of primary caregivers in impacting secure attachment?

Back 16

1. emotional availability
2. contingent responsiveness

Front 17

What other variables have been reported to be important to the establishment of secure and insecure attachments?

Back 17

. married vs. cohabitating
. marital issues
. caregivers with mental health issues

Front 18

An adult's ________ ________ of attachment affects his/her parenting behavior.

Back 18

internal modeling

Front 19

Referring to the states of consciousness, what is the sequence that most infants go through in the sleep cycle? How often is this cycle generally repeated?

Back 19

1. deep sleep,
2. lighter sleep,
3. alert wakefulness,
4. fussing.

Generally repeated every 2 hours

Front 20

What is SIDS? What factors to some researchers believe contribute to these deaths?

Back 20

SIDS
S- Sudden
I- Infant
D- Death
S- Syndrome

Factors-
- more common when babies lie on stomachs
- occurs in generally healthy babies
- most frequent between 2-4 months (but can occur between 1 month - 1 year).
- more common in winter months
- more common for babies who are exposed to second-hand smoke

Front 21

What is myelinization?

Back 21

covers (literally) the axons in the brain.

Front 22

How is myelinization related to the reticular formation and what behaviors does the reticular formation regulate?

Back 22

For the reticular formation, myelinization can take a long time to occur (develop).

Behaviors- it is responsible for keeping your attention on what you're doing and for helping you sort out important information from unimportant information.

Front 23

Which two parts of the brain regulate vital functions such as heart beat and respiration which are more developed at birth?

Back 23

Midbrain and Medulla

Front 24

What are two primitive reflexes?

Back 24

Moro/startle reflex
Babinski reflex

Front 25

How are the two primitive reflexes (Moro/startle reflex and the Babinski reflex) tested?

Back 25

Moro/startle reflex- make a loud noise to startle the baby. The baby should arch the back and stretch the limbs

Babinski reflex- take a blunt object and rake it under the foot. Reaction should be for the toes to separate and curl under

Front 26

If the reactions to the Moro/startle reflex and Babinksi reflex are skill present in a 10 month old, what could this mean?

Back 26

neurological dysfunction

Front 27

What implication might one draw from a weak of absent primitive reflex in a neonate?

Back 27

neurological dysfunction

Front 28

Identify 3 distincive cries of most infants.

-Which begins with an abrupt onset?
-Which starts without prior whimpering?
-Which one is the most general cry?
-Which is the loudest and most intense?

Back 28

Cry of hunger- general cry,

Cry of anger- louder and more intense

Cry of pain- abrupt onset and starts without any prior whimpering

Front 29

What is colic and when can it begin?

When does it stop and what causes it?

Back 29

Colic is an infant behavior pattern involving intense daily bouts of crying totaling 3 or more hours.

It can start at 2 weeks of age

Can stop at 3 to 4 months

Begins and stops for no apparent reason

Front 30

When, if ever is spanking deemed permissible?

Back 30

. be reserved for behaviors that are potentially harmful to the child
. should be accompanied by an explanation

Front 31

What can parents do to minimize the negative effects of divorce on their children?

Back 31

1. keeping the number of separate changes the child has to cope with to a minimum

2. consider having the child live with the parent of the same gender if a teenager

3. custodial parent should help children stay in touch with the non-custodial parent

4. keep the open conflict to a minimum

5. do not use the children as go-betweens or talk in a negative way about the ex-spouse to them

6. do no expect the child to provide emotional support

Front 32

What are the changes that occur in the form and frequency of aggression from age 2 to age 8?

Back 32

physical aggression- at it's peak from 2-4, declines from 4-8

verbal aggression- increases as verbal skills increase

goal of aggression- 2-4 is mostly instrumental, 4-8 mostly hostile

occasion for aggression- 2-4 most often after conflicts with parents, 4-8 most often after conflicts with peers

Front 33

How is post-traumatic stress disorder related to child abuse?

Back 33

Children are now showing signs of PTSD after being severely abused. The symptoms include-

.extreme levels of anxiety
.flashbacks
.sleep disorders
.nightmares

Front 34

Which agency is responsible for investigating child abuse complaints?

Back 34

Department of Social Services

Front 35

How is intelligence measure in infants? Describe some tasks used to assess IQ at this level.

Back 35

It is assessed by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development test.

.visual tracking (red ring)
.dual mobility (rattle)
.identifying body parts (baby doll)
.identifying objects (cup, ball, spoon, etc.)
.identifying pictures (from a book)

Front 36

What is IDS?

Back 36

Infant Directed Speech

-simplistic, higher pitched voice that is also repeditive. used to talk to infants

Front 37

Which side of the brain determines the following functions-

language, logic, intuition, creativity, math analysis, art/music and spacial perception?

Back 37

Left-
language
logic
math
analysis

Right-
intuition
creativity
art/music
spatial perception

Front 38

Can 3 month old babies distinguish an attractive face from an unattractive face? Who did this study?

Back 38

Yes. This is Langlois's Study

Front 39

What are the 4 different types of parenting styles. Describe them.

Back 39

Authoritative- high in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communication

Authoritarian- low in nurturance and communication, but high in control and maturity demands

Uninvolved- low in nurturance, maturity demands, control and communications

Permissive- high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control and communications

Front 40

Identify 2 adaptive reflexes. How long do they remain active.

Back 40

Sucking = birth-infancy/childhood
Turning away from painful stimuli= birth-death

Front 41

Milestones of Motor Development in the First 2 years of life (age in months)

Back 41

fine- swipe at objects in sight

4-6 mos
gross- roll over
fine- reach for and grasp objects

7-9 mos
fine- transfer objects from one hand to the other. Ability to cross mid-line

10-12 mos
gross- cruise around furniture
fine-start to show hand preference

13-18 mos
gross- walks backwards/ runs

19-24 mos
gross- walks up and down steps, two feet per step
fine- use spoon to feed self

Front 42

Be familiar with the accomplishment of various cognitive milestones as identified by Piaget's sensorimotor stage.

Back 42

1-4 mos
.babies look toward a sound and suck on anything that can be reached
.1-2 mos (simple imitation)

4-8 mos
.more aware of events outside their bodies
.6-8 mos- they are aware. (they can drop something on the floor and follow it)

8-12 mos
.object perminance- even though something is out of sight, it still exisits.
.clear, intentional behavior. Cause and effect

12-18 mos
.manipulating objects

18-24 mos
.deferred imitation (imitating actions they observed earlier)

Front 43

What is deferred imitation?

Back 43

The ability to imitate an action observed earlier

Front 44

What is object permanence? How old is the child when he can achieve object permanence according to Piaget?

Back 44

knowing that something still exists even though it is out of sight

It's achieved at about 2 months

Front 45

Does evidence support memory function in infants? Describe the classic experiment by Rovee-Collier that substantiates this.

Back 45

Yes! It is the experiment in the crib.

the 3 month old has a string attached to her foot. In order to make the mobile move, she must kick her feet. A week later, she is brought to the same crib with the same mobile and immidetaly starts kicking!

Front 46

How does language develop according to Skinner, a behaviorist? according to Chomsky, a nativist? according to Bowerman and Bloom, interactionalists.

Back 46

Behaviorist (Skinner)- adults reinforce/reward child when they babble and talk. We shape baby's language development

Nativist (Chomsky)- believes people are born with language acquisition device

Interactionalists (Bowerman and Bloom)- Language is developed from internal and external factors

Front 47

Which develops first in most infants....


receptive language or expressive language?

Back 47

receptive language (9-10 months)

Front 48

How does Erikson explain social and personality development in infancy?

Back 48

trust vs. mistrust

Front 49

Chronology of Language Development

Back 49

Birth- crying

2-3 mos- make cooing sounds

6 mos- babbles

8-9 mos- developed a rhythm and intonation of language spoken in the home- receptive vocab- 20-30 words

12 mos- expressive language emerges, says singles words

12-18 mos- word-gesture combos

18-20 mos- starts to use two-word sentences and has expressive vocab of 100-200 words

Front 50

What are the 4 categories of Secure and Insecure attachment?

Back 50

1. secure attahcment- prefers mother to stranger. child can readily separate from the caregiver and easily become absorbed in exploration. If frightened or scared, can come back to caregiver to be consoled.

2. insecure/avoidant attachment- shows no preference for mother over stranger. child avoids contact with mother, especially after an absense

3. insecure/ambivalent attachment- may show anger towards mother when reunited, and resists comfort from and contact with stranger. child shows little exploration and is wary of strangers

4. insecure/disorganized attachment- dazed behavior, confusion, or apprehension. Child may show contradictory behavior patterns simultaneiously, such as moving toward mother while keeping gaze averted.

Front 51

Is temperament inborn or learned?
Is it primarily affected by nurture or nature?

What are its dimensions according to Thomas and Chess? What are the three basic types?

Back 51

.inborn
.nature

dimensions-
-activity level
-rhythmicity
-approach/withdrawal
-adaptability to new experience
-threshold of responsiveness
-intensity of reaction
-quality of mood
-distractibility
-persistence

Three basic types
1. easy children
2. difficult children
3. slow-to-warm-up children

Front 52

Psychologists have noted racism in preschool classrooms. What can teachers do to discourage the development of this bias?

Back 52

.assign children of different races to do projects together

.make children aware of eachother's strengths as individuals

Front 53

Erikson's crises that cover this period are....

Back 53

-autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-initiative vs. guilt