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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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binocular vision
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The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
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fine motor skills
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Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin. (The word fine here means "small.")
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gross motor skills
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Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping. (The word gross here means "big.")
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motor skill
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The learned abilities to move some part of the body, in actions ranging from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid. (The word motor here refers to movement of muscles.)
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perception
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The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation.
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sensation
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The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.
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immunization
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A process that stimulates the body's immune system by causing production of antibodies to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease. Creation of antibodies may be accomplished either naturally (by having the disease), by injection, by drops that are swallowed, or by a nasal spray. (These imposed methods are also called vaccination.)
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kwashiorkor
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A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.
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marasmus
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A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies
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protein-calorie malnutrition
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A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in several illnesses, severe weight loss, and even death.
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stunting
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The failure of children to grow to a normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.
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wasting
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The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.
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percentile
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A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population being studied rank higher and half rank lower.
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head-sparing
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A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
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neuron
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One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain.
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cortex
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The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involves the cortex.
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prefrontal cortex
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The area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
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axon
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A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.
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dendrite
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A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
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synapse
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The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
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neurotransmitter
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A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
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synaptic gap
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The pathway across which neurotransmitters carry information from the axon of the sending neuron to the dendrites of the receiving neuron.
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transient exuberance
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The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant’s brain during the first two years of life.
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pruning
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When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die.
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experience-dependant brain functions
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Brain functions depend on particular, variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant.
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experience-expectant brain functions
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Brain functions require certain basic common experiences (which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally.
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shaken baby syndrome
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A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.
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self-righting
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The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance.
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REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
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A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.
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"little scientist"
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The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration.
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deferred imitation
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A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same action hours or even days later.
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fMRI
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging, a measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain; fMRI helps researchers locate neurological responses to stimuli.
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habituation
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The process of becoming accustomed to an object or event through repeated exposure to it, and thus becoming less interested in it.
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mirror neurons
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Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer were actually performing that action.
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object permanence
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The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
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primary circular reactions
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The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli and tries to understand them.
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secondary circular reactions
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The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. Infants respond to other people, to toys, and to any other object they can touch or move.
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sensorimotor intelligence
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Piaget's term for the way infants think--by using their senses and motor skills--during the first period of cognitive development.
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tertiary circular reactions
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The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world.
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affordance
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An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.
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explicit memory
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Memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test). Most explicit memory involves consciously learned words, data, and concepts.
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implicit memory
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Unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations.
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reminder session
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A perceptual experience that helps a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience.
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visual cliff
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An experimental apparatus that gives the illusion of a sudden drop-off between one horizontal surface and another.
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babbling
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An infant's repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old.
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child-directed speech
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The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants and children. (Also called baby talk or motherese.)
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grammar
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All the methods--word order, verb forms, and so on--that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.
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holophrase
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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
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language acquisition device (LAD)
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Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation.
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mean length of utterance (MLU)
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The average number of words in a typical sentence (called utterance, because children may not talk in complete sentences). MLU is often used to indicate how advanced a child's language development is.
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naming explosion
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A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.
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cortisol
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The primary stress hormone; fluctuations in the body's cortisol level affect human emotion.
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self-awareness
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A person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people.
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separation anxiety
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An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
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social smile
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A smile evoked by a human face, normally first evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth.
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stranger wariness
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An infant's expression of concern--a quiet stare while clinging to a familiar person, or a look of fear--when a stranger appears.
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temperament
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Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment.
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attachment
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According to Ainsworth, "an affectional tie" that an infant forms with a caregiver--a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
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disorganized attachment
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A type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return.
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insecure-avoidant attachment
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A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.
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insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
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A pattern of attachment in which an infant's anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.
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secure attachment
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A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
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social referencing
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Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expressions and reactions. That other person becomes a social reference.
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still-face technique
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An experimental practice in which an adult keeps his or her face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.
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strange situation
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A laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infants' reactions to the stress of various adults' comings and goings in an unfamiliar playroom.
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synchrony
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A coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
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allocare
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The care of children by people other than their biological parents.
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their actions and their bodies.
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distal parenting
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Caregiving practices that involve remaining distant from the baby, providing toys, food, and face-to-face communication with minimal holding and touching.
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proximal parenting
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Caregiving practices that involve being physically close to the baby, with frequent holding and touching.
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social learning
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The acquisition of behavior patterns by observing the behavior of others.
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trust versus mistrust
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Erikson's first crisis of psychosocial development. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, and so on) are met.
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working model
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In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences. For example, a person might assume that other people are trustworthy and be surprised by an incident in which this working model of human behavior is erroneous.
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Brain functions require certain basic common experiences which an infant can be expected to have in order to develop normally example: Sensory stimulation |
Written Answer: Experience-expectant brain function and an example |
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Brain functions depend on particular variable experiences and therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant Example: An infants main caregiver could be a grandparent or nurse or someone not biologically related making it a variable experience |
Written Answer: Experience-dependant brain function and an example |
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A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections. *abusive head trauma |
Written Answer: Shaken Baby Syndrome |
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Stage 1: Age:birth to one month WhatHappens: Reflexes Example:sucking, grasping, staring, listening Stage 2: Age:1 – 4 months WhatHappens: The first aquired adaptations: accommodation and coordination ofreflexes Example:Sucking a soother differently from a nipple Stage 3 Age:4 - 8 months WhatHappens: Making interesting events last: responding to people and objects Example:Clapping hands when mother says patty cake Stage 4 Age:8 – 12 months WhatHappens: New Adaptation and anticipation: Becoming more deliberate and purposefulin responding to people and objects Example:Putting mothers hands together to make her play patty cake Stage 5 Age:12 – 18 months WhatHappens: New means through active experimentation “The little scientist” Example:putting a teddy bear in the toilet and flushing it Stage 6 Age:18 – 24 months WhatHappens: New means through mental combinations: thinking before doing Example:hesitating before flushing the teddy bear in the toilet because of theconsequences |
Written Answer: Piaget's 6 stages of Sensorimotor Development (age range, what happens and an example) |
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Muscle Strength Brain maturation Practice |
Written Answer: 3 Factors that combine to allow toddlers to walk |
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Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-regulation. It is measured by the person's typical responses to the environment. |
Written Answer: Temperament |
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Temperament is geneticand yes influenced by nature and nurture, but personality traits are learned such as honesty and humility. |
Written Answers: Temperament and Personality Differences |
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Effortful Control: able to regulate attention andemotion to self soothe) Negative Mood: fearful, angry, unhappy Exuberant:active, social, not shy |
Written Answer: 3 dimension of temperament clearly presented in early childhood |
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Language learning is genetically programmed tobegin at a certain age, adults do not teach it. It is a universal impulse toimitate and apply. A mental structure that enables humans to learn language. (Languageacquisition device (LAD)) |
Written Answer: Chomsky's theory of language development: |
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Infants need to be taught and that parents areexpert teachers, by responding to their children’s gestures and sounds teachesthe child to repeat, also believed well taught infants become well spokenchildren. |
Written Answer: Skinner's theory of language development: |
