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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The scientific study of behavior and the mind
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Behaviors in Psychology
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Scientific
Behavior Mental Processes |
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Scientific study of Psych
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Experimental
Research based |
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Behavior study of psych
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What people do and why they do it
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Study of mental process in psych
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How people think and feel and what influences how people think and feel
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Types of research
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Basic
Applied |
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Basic research
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Research designed to obtain knowledge for its own sake
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Applied research
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Research that is designed to solve or examine specific, practical problems
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Five goals of psychology
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Describe behavior
Understand behavior Predict how people act influence people's behavoir Apply knowledge to enhance human welfare |
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Levels of psychological analysis
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Biological
Psychological Environmental |
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Biological level of analysis
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Brain processes, genetic influence
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Psychological level of analysis
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Thoughts, feelings, motives
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Environmental level of analysis
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Physical and social environments
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Perspectives on behavior
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Mind-body dualism
Monism British empiricism Psychophysics Evolutionary adaptation |
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Mind-body dualism
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Mind is separate from the body
mind is a spiritual entity and not subject to physical laws that the body is subject to |
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Monism
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mind, brain and body are the same thing
study of mind is the study of brain process |
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British empiricism
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ideas and knowledge are gained through the senses
Reason can be wrong Observation rather than reason |
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psychophysics
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focus on physical stimuli
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Evolutionary adaptation
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Based on the work of Charles Darwin
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Early schools of psychology
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Structuralism
Functionalism |
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Structuralism - basic research
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Study of the structure of the mind by breaking it down into its basic components, which were believed to be sensations
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Functionalism - applied research
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Focus on the functions of consciousness and behavior in helping organisms adapt to their environment and satisfy their needs
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Hypothesis
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A tentative explanation or a prediction about some phenomenon
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Theory
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A set of formal statements that explains how an why certain events or phenomena are related to one another.
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Characteristics of a good theory
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Incorporates existing knowlege
Testable Supported by new research Parsimony: Simple is better |
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Operational definition - definition
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Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it
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Operational definition - importance
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Translate abstract concepts into something observable and measurable
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5 Ethical principles of the APA code of ethics
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Beneficence
Responsibility Integrity Justice Respect rights and dignity |
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Why does some research involve deception?
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no alternative
Benefits outweigh the risks |
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Correlation coefficient
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Strength of a relationship between two variables
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Why are we unable to draw causal conclusions from correlational findings?
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One may not cause the other
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Monism
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The philosophical position that mental events are reducible to physical events in the brain, so that mind and body are one and the same.
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Correlation coefficient
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A statistic that indicates the direction and strength of a relation between two variables; Values can range from +1.00 to -1.00
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Research which reflects the quest for knowledge purely for its own sake
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Basic research
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Research which is designed to solve specific practical problems
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Applied research
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Two examples of applied research in the book
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Robber's cave and jigsaw classroom
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The scientific study of behavior and the mind
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Definition of psychology
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What kinds of behaviors does psychology incorporate?
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actions and responses that we can directly observe
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Levels of analysis
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Biological level
Psychological Environmental level |
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Biological level of analysis
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Brain processes
Genetic influences |
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Psychological level of analysis
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Thoughts
Feelings Motives |
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Environmental level of analysis
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Past and current physical and social environments to which we are exposed
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The belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to the physical laws that govern the body.
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Mind-body dualism
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How do monism and dualism apply to the mind-body problem?
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Monism helped set the stage for psychology because it implied that the mind could be studied by measuring physical processes in the brain
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all ideas and knowledge are gained empirically - through the senses
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British empiricism
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The study of how psychologically experienced sensations depend on the characteristics of physical stimuli
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Psychophysics
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The analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements
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Structuralism
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Psychology should study the functions of consciousness rather than its structure
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Functionalism
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In what fields does functionalism survive?
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cognitive
evolutionary |
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search for causes of behavior within the inner workings of our personality (our unique pattern of traits, emotions and motives), emphasizing the role of uncoscious processes
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Psychodynamic perspective
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Psychoanalysis
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The analysis of the internal and unconscious
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Psychodynamic perspective focus
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Unconscious struggle between defense mechanisms and in internal forces which is dynamic in nature.
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Behavioral perspective focus
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the role of the external envitonment in governing our actions
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our behavior is jointly determined by habits learned from previous life experinces and by stimuli in our immediate environment.
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behavioral perspective
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Which perspective is rooted in British Empirisicm?
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Behavioral
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responses followed by satisfying consequences become more likely to recur and those followed by unsatisfying consequences become less liekly to recur.
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Law of effect
Behavioral Edward Thorndike (1874-1949) |
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Behaviorism definition
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a school of thought that emphasizes environmental control fo behavior through learning (1913)
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Human beings are products of their learning experiences
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Behavioral approach
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Cognitive behaviorism perspective
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Learning experiences and the environment influence our expectations and other thoughts, and in turn our thoughts influence how we behave.
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Humanistic perspective
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emphasis on free will, personal growth and the attempt to find meaning in one's existence.
Self-actualization |
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Cognitive perspective
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The study of mental processes
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Gestalt psychology
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How elements of experience are organized into wholes
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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Cognitive neuroscience
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Examine brain activity while people engage in cognitive tasks
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Sociocultural perspective
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how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behavior, thoughts and feelings
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Socializatin
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process by which culture is tranmitted to new members and internalized by them
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Cultural psychology
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how culture is transmitted to its members and examines psychological similarities and differences among people from diverse cultures
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Biological perspective
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how brain processes and other bodily functions regulate behavior
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behavioral neuroscience
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examines brain processes and other physiological functions that underlie our behavior, sensory experiences, emotions, and thoughts
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Evolutionary psychology
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How evolution shaped modern human behavior
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Psychology's intellectual roots lie in
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Philosophy
Biology Medicine |
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Founders
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Wundt and James
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basic components of consciousness
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structuralism
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purpose of consciousness
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functionalism
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Hindsight
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after-the-fact explanations
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what is hindsight's limitation
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past events usually can be explained in many ways, and there is no sure way to know which of the explanations is correct.
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How does a theory differ from hypothesis
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Theory is broader than hypothesis
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Why do scientists prefer to test scientifically rather than using hindsight
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If we truly understand the causes of a given behavior, then we should be able to predict the conditions under which that behavior will occur in the future. Further, if we can control those conditions, then we should be able to produce that behavior
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Prediction, control and theory building
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The methods that psychologists prefer to use to study behavior
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Vairable
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any characteristic or factor that can vary
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Defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it
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Operational definition
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Types of measures
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Self-reports
Overt Behavior |
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Social desirability bias
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the tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than according to how one truly feels or bahves.
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limitation of self-report
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Social desirability bias
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unobtrusive measures
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record behavior in a way that keeps participants unaware that they are being observed.
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Limitation of measuring overt behavior
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Humans and animals bay behave differently when observed
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archival measures
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records or documents that already exist
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Psychological tests
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measures different types of variables
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Physiological measures
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Measuring physiological responses to stimuli
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Primary ethical principles for conducting research with humans
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Informed consent
Deception |
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Informed consent
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Study's purpose and procedure
the study's potential benefits potential risks to participants right to decline participation & withdraw Confidentiality - how it will be handled |
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Deception violates
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principle of informed consent
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Case Study
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an in-depth analysis of an individual, group or event.
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Case Study advantages
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allows the study of rare phenomena
may challenge the validity of a theory vibrant source of new ideas |
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Limitation of the case study
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poor method for determining cause-effect relations
generalizability of the findings Possible lack of objectivity |
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Naturalistic observation
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the researcher observes behavior as it occurs in a natural setting, and attempts to avoid influencing that behavior
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Bias in naturalistic observation
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the way the research is interpreted
ot observers may influence teh participants |
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Random sample
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every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen to participate in the survey
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main goal of correlational research
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To measure two variables and to statistically determine whether they are related
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Positive correlation
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higher scores in one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable
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negative correlation
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higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable
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What makes a study an experiment
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1. manipulation of one or more variables
2. measure whether the manipulation influences other variables 3. attempt to control extraneous factors that might influence the outcome of the experiment |
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independent variable
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the factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimentor
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dependent variable
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the factor that is measured and that may be influenced by the independent variable
"depends on the independent variable" |
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Control group
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not exposed to the treatment or receives a zero-level of the independent variable
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Purpose of a control group
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provide a standard of behavior to which the experimental group can be compared.
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Intelligence
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The ability to acquire knowledge,
to think and reason effectively to deal adaptively with the enviroment |
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How was Sir Frances Galton's research infuenced by Darwin?
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Galton showed through the study of family trees that eminence and genius seemed to occur within certain families.
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How did Sir Frances Galton measure intelligence?
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Measuring people's skulls
test sensory and perceptual skills |
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Difference between the psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence?
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Psychometric - Statistically sophisticated ways of providing a map of the mind and describing who people differ from each other.
Cognitive - WHY people vary in these mental skills |
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Cognitive process theories
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explore the specific information-processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
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Psychometrics
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is the statistical study of psychological tests
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Factor analysis
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reduces a large number of measures to a smaller number of clusters, or factors, with each cluster containing variables that correlate highly with one another but less highly with variables in other clusters
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A factor analysis allows us to
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infer the underlying characteristic that presumably accounts for the links among the variable clusters
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Crystallized intelligence
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the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems
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Fluid intelligence
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the ability to deal with novel problem-solving situations for which personal experience does not provide a solution
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Emotional intelligence
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the abilities to read others' emotions accurately, to respond to them appropriately, to motivate oneself, to be aware of one's own emotions, and to regulate and control one's own emotional responses
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4 abilities of the emotionally intelligent
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perceive emotions
understand emotions manage emotions use emotions to facilitate thought |
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Achievement test
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designed to find out how much they have learned so far in life
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Aptitude test
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potential for future learning
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