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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Harlow Monkey Study |
-Disproves behaviorist Cupboard theory -Neonatal monkeys were seperated from their mothers -Two groups: wire mother or cloth mother -Strong attachment to cloth pads, violent temper tantrums when cloth is removed. Baby monkeys would cling to cloth mother when there was a loud noise, or new environment. Heat, softness, and a face is all that is provided.
-Baby monkeys raised on only a wire mother showed misdirected aggression, clutching themselves, would rock back and forth. Sexual behavior was destroyed. Related to humans -> psychopaths
-Monkey isolate for 6 months also showed devastating effects on behavior. Going back to mother doesnt help, because they have never been exposed to a mother before. Putting them with monkeys their own age didnt work eithert. The only treatment that worked was spending time with a younger monkey.
-Monkeys who had a wire mother and who were given babies by artifical insemenation were shown to be abusive or indifferent to their babies. Carries on to the bext generation, similar to humans.
-However, we may need other measures of comfort. |
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Milgram Behavioral Study of Obedience |
-Obedience & electric shock -People obey those in command, even when given inhumane tasks -The "victim" is actually just a trained experimentor, no real shocks -Subject is told to give increasing shocks when the victim does not get the answer correct
http://www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html |
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Festinger & Carlsmith - Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance, Cognitive Dissonance |
-If a person is forced to comply with something, they comply more willingly, their opinions change to match their internal identities. -Students were told to tell another student that a boring experiement is actually fun -Those who had a greater money reward were less likely to change their opinion, feeling that their lying was justified -Those who had less reward said the task was more enjoyable, so that it would match their self concept. Subconsciously making it seem like you really didnt lie.
http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-dissonance.html |
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Why do we feel emotion? What is emotion good for? |
-Tons of resources are involved in having children. It makes sense that we would evolve mechanisms that guide us to take care of children. -Baby's cry makes us want to respond to make it stop. -Emotion is good for development
-Behaviorist -> Cupboard theory, a baby develops attachment to it's mother for the sole reason of food (Skinner) -Nativist -> Social interaction, comfort, bonding |
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Phineas Gage |
-Construction worker, 1848, explosive shot an iron rod through his left eye/ left frontal lobe -He was still able to walk and talk immediatley after the accident. -Showed loss of self control, impulsive. Friends said he was no longer himself. -Left frontal lobe controls our impluses and self control, impaired decision making.
Elliot (similar to Phineas Gage) -Tumor taken out of frontal lobe -Afterword, he showed loss of focus at work and impaired decision making.
-Humans have the largest frontal lobes -It is the last the mature in human brains -First to decline in performance with old age -Involved in executive functions, emotion regulation
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Cognitive Control (Phineas Gage) |
-Systems for guiding/controlling one's thoughts or actions -Individuals with brain damage in frontal lobes demonstrate problems on cognitive control tasks
ex) The $2500 pyramid, asks you to name a list of things that all have one feature in common (all things that are pickled, countries that start with the letter g, etc) Those with brain damage in the frontal lobes do poorly on this task, they do not inhibit wron answers or filter their response.
-Those with damage to the IFG (Inferior fronal gyrus) show slower time during response inhibition tasks (ex: pressing a button only when a red light in on) This is because they inhibit response worse than normal people, lack of impulse control. Other groups who are impaired with these tasks are those with ADHD, drug addicts, and schizophrenics
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Fight-or-Flight Response (Emotion) |
-reaction to threat -response in automatic nervous system -hypothalamus, major region in brain responsible for this |
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Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (Emotion, Amygdala) |
-Amygdala removed from monkey, showed to have a lower fear response -showed to be docile -lower fear response, because as a result you are indifferent about pleasure response -hyperphasia (will eat anything)
-In humans, the Amygdala is responsible for detecting emotional cues, indentifying fear and anger. -People who have amygdala damage are emotionally muted, lack empathy.
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Pleasure (Rat experiment) |
-Rat presses lever, gets stimulated in the nucleus accumbens (pleasure center) -rat will press the lever until it dies of exhaustion. Will choose pressing the lever over food.
Other explanation: wanting or liking. Either it gives them pleasure, or simply motivation. wanting: -motivation to obtain reward -measurable by behavior liking: -pleasure from reward -however, it is difficult to measure a rat's pleasure response.
example of motivation explanation in humans: OCD, don't get pleasure from their actions, but feel they simply must do it.
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Spotlight effect (Self & Other) |
-In an experiment, students had to wear an embarassing t-shirt. Students thought half the class would be talking about their shirt, when really only 20% did. -Shows people don't actually care, we overestimate the spotlight that is on us |
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Lake Wobegon Effect (Self & Other) |
When asked if you are doing better/worse than the average person in class, people should respond at 50/50, but typically as a group the rating is higher. We rate ourselves higher in self ratings. |
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Attribution |
-The process of making inferences about the cause of events -The act of explaining why someone acted the way they did
2 types of attribution: Dispositional: because of the persons personality, an internal cause, attribute to a feature Situational: attribute to context, external cause
ex) Americans attribute success to themselves (individualistc) while Japanese attribute success to the group (collectivist) |
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Fundamental Attribution Error |
The tendency to make dispositional/internal attributions over situational/external attributions in explaining the behavior of others. We overestimate dispositional influences, and underestimate situations. ex) experiment with simulated quiz game show, three roles: quizmaster, contestant, and audience. then audience was asked to rate how smart each person in each role was, and they always rated the quizmaster as higher, even though everyone was randomly assigned and quizmaster just read off a card. |
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Cognitive Dissonance & Consistency |
Cognitive Consistency: We went our actions to be consistent with our self concept/beliefs. People prefer a harmonious state in their congnition.
Cognitive Dissonance: When our actions are inconsistent with our beliefs/self concept. Psychological state or feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one's attitude or self concept. People are motivated to reduce dissonance. |
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Reduction of Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger & Carlsmith) |
I'm on a diet -> I just ate a huge slice of cake...
1) Change perception of behavior ( i didn't eat much) 2) Add consonant cognition, false consistency (cake is nutritious) 3) Minimize importance of conflict (i don't care if im overweight, life is short!) 4) Deny that the cognitions are related (there is no empirical evidence that eating cake causes obesity) 5) Reduce perceived control ( my mom would have been offended if i didnt have any of her cake) 6) Change attitude (i dont need to be on a diet)
ex) Festinger & Carlsmith infiltrated Sister thedra, when her world flood prophecy was false, she told her followers " you were all so faithful that god saved you." People believed her, they made their attitudes fit their actions.
Real life examples: present someone with strong leaning evidence against their opinion, but it still won't sway them, because their actions need to remain consistent with their beliefs |
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Post-decision Dissonance |
Example of changing attitudes to fit behavior. Subjects were told to pick either an easy choice ( 1 attraction product), or a hard choice (2 attractive products). After decision, they always rated the one they choose as more attractive. |
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Effort and Group Initiation (Post-decision Dissonance) |
1959 experiment, sex discussion group initiation was either none, mild, or severe the more severe the initiation, the more the subject liked the group, even though it was really boring. they felt their actions of the severe initiation must justify their liking of the group. |
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Personality |
-Patterns of behavior in dealing with the world and other people, differentiates someone from others -Encompasses feeling, thinking, and behavior. -It is hard to turn personality traits into measurable variables. Must be both reliable and valid way of measurement. |
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Rorsach Test (Personality) |
Absolutley worthless, not reliable or valid, no one set answer, very subjective. |
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Trait theory (Cattell) (Personality) |
Personality is a set of stable traits/dimensions
Cattell experiment - found that some traits were connected, for example shy & outgoing go together because they are differnt levels of the same dimension |
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Big 5 Personality Traits (O.C.E.A.N) |
1) Opennes to experience 2) Conscientiousness (responsibility) 3) Extraversion (life of the party) 4) Agreeableness (nice/mean, how they get along with others) 5) Neuroticism (perfectionist, "or else...")
Within these components are sub components
Shown to be valid, bipolar, stable, independent, and hierarchical
Big 5 Personality traits, replicated across studies, languages, and cultures, was shown to be valid. However, the data was collected from questionaires, which brings up some issues. Lying, judging yourself incorrectly, lack of understanding, etc. To solve this, we have to look at actual behavior...
Conscientiousness experiement done in Germany, told to make appointment on time and people will be counting on you to do so. Generally the personality scale matched the actual behavior, but it wasn't a strong relationship. |
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Intelligence |
The ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience. |
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IQ Tests (Intelligence) |
Validity: -Stable Within an Individual throughout time, huge correlation with age, GPA, sucess in workplace, and even highway deaths.
Reliability: -How well your test relates to your behavior/construct |
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Psychometic Approach (IQ) |
WAIS (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale) -verbal comprehension index -perceptual reasoning index -working memory index -processing speed index (combine to make a full scale IQ)
-Analyze performance on individual subtests -If performance on all of them correlates, must be a common underlying factor -If not, they should dissociate in the population. -All indexes are correlated, showing a factor of "general intelligence"
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Is intelligence genetic or environmental? |
-To find out, we must seperate the role of genetics and environment. -Twin studies -Monozygotic twins: 100% genetically similar -Dizygotic twins: 50% genetically similar -Monozygotic twins have more correlation with personality traits and intelligence than dizygotic twins.
To seperate the environment from the genetic factor, we look at twins who were raised apart -Minnesota Twin Family Study: showed that intelligence was less correlated for seperated twins -means that unique environments play a role in how an individuals intelliegence potential is nurtured -Even if you have a huge intellectual potential, it will not develop if you are not in a healthy environment.
ex) Phenylketonuria: genetic disorder where you cannot process phenylalanine. disorder is 100% genetic, but depending on what environment you are in, it will change how the disease effects you.
ex) French adoption study showed that children who were once abuse had improved IQ when put into a better home. |
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What is abonormal behavior? (Psychpathology) |
-We have an intuitive sense, however it is very subjective and heavily influenced by social norms in certain cultures, characteristics of the target, and the context of the behavior. |
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Abnormality is characterized by...(Psychpathology) |
DDD
Distress: caused to self or others Dysfunction: Prevents functioning in daily life Deviance: Highly unusual feelings or behaviors |
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DSM-V (Psy)ychpatholog |
Handbook which categorizes mental disorders, very subjective in earlier editions. The DDD is built into criteria, and it has a list of symptoms for each disorder.
ex) DSM for Major Depression -sadness of diminished interest or pleasure in activites (anhedonia) -duration of at least two weeks -at least four of the following symptoms... insomnia/hypersomnia, weight or appetite change, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, suicidal thoughts, etc...
DSM tells us how to categorize illness, but not how to treat it. |
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Probability of Depression By Age & Other demographics |
-There is a curve which reaches a peak from age 40-59, and then drops off during old age. This is because many people kill themselves before they make it to old age : ( -Females are more likely to have depression than males -Non-hispanic blacks are the most likely to get depression -If you are poor, you are more likely to be depressed because you are faced with more stress factors like healthcare, providing for your family, etc |
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Depression - Genetics vs. Environment |
Resilient vs. Vulnerable individuals (genetic): if you are resilient, you are not likely to get depression even in a bad environment. If you are vulnurable, you are likely to get depression easily when your environment is worse |
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Bipolar Disorder |
-Both depression & mania going back and forth -No sex difference in likelihood of bipolar disorder
3 types of manic episodes... Hypomania: self confident, energetic, easily frustrated, overly ambitious Mania: Stay up all night, overconfident, conversation jumps from topic to topic, no inhibitions Acute/Psychotic mania: Invincibility, destroy things, reckless behavior, sex, gambling, endless excercise.
If you have a monozygotic twin and you have BD, chances of your twin having it are 60%. this tells us it is not completely genetic, environment must play a role too. Same goes for depression.
Litihum can be used to treat bipolar disorder, limits fluctuations of neurotransmitters, but has bad side effects. |
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Neurotransmitters & Mood Disorders |
Monoamines: serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
Hypothesis: Not enough monoanimes leads to depression. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors have bad side effects, such as sexual dysfunction, insomnia, dry mouth, weight gain, etc.
We have a gene that encodes for serotonin reuptake transporter. If you have the two long versions of the gene -> increased serotonin If you have the two short versions of the gene -> decreased serotonin, more likely to have depression |
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Prozac |
Prozac works by blocking the normal serotonin reuptake proteins, allowing for more serotonin to be released and transmitted throughout the body. Prozac uses a reuptake inhibitor so more serotonin is availible in the post-synaptic neuron.
Works on only 60% of patients, takes a long time to start working Alternative explanations: lag shows the mechanism of block/reuptake may not really be whats happening, prozac may make neurons more able to make new connections, or it works as a neurotrophic factor (feeds neurons)
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Cognitive approach to treat Depression (Alternative to Prozac) |
Dog experiment: dog 1 had lever to stop shocks on same floor as dog 2, but dog 2 had nothing. after putting in a hurdle, dog 2 wouldnt jump, showed learned helplessness. Relates to Diathesis model: humans who have had a number of negative life events
Cognitive Behavioral therapy: -identify themes & triggers in negative thought -challenge negative thoughts -help them realize negative beleifs/assumptions -change aspects of environment related to depressive symptoms -teach mood management skills
CBT only shows short term effects |
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Cognitive Deficits and Depression |
Distortions in thinking, attributing negative events to yourself rather than the situation...
1) All-or-nothing thinking minor mistake -> i am always a failure!
2) Emotional reasoning i feel like a failure, therefore i must be a failure
3) Catastrophizing i spilled the milk -> my family will leave me!
4) Arbitrary inference i havent heard from my professor in an hour -> therefore, he hates me |
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Schizophrenia |
-Equally split between genders, but males have an earlier onset. -More individualistic cultures have more schizos, social interaction helps to prevent it, however usually the opposite happens because people want to avoid them
Positive Symptoms: -hallucinations, delusions( false beliefs that dont change, usually grand), thought disorders (illogical and thought blocking), movement disorders
Negative Symptoms: absense of normal cognition affect (flat affect, poverty of speech)
Genetic causes: monozygotic twins 48% risk
Environmental causes: urban evironments, social isolation, cannabis use (paranoia), prenatal stress (winter/spring births, correlated with increased viral exposure in womb), toxoplasmosis (bacteria in kitty liter)
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