Psych 100 Module 3

Front 1

transduction

Back 1

translating an external stimulus (light) into an electrochemical signal

Front 2

a change in wavelength means

Back 2

a change in color/hue

Front 3

a change in light intensity means

Back 3

a change in brightness

Front 4

what is the normal range of human vision

Back 4

380-760 nm

Front 5

who was Johannes Kepler?

Back 5

first suggested that the retina contained receptive cells; astronomer, worked w/ convex lenses

Front 6

explain the transduction of light into neural activity

Back 6

photon strikes photopigment at photoreceptor, photopigment splits, message is transmitted to bipolar cell and then to ganglion cell, sent to brain

Front 7

cones

Back 7

bright light vision; colour; fine detail; low neural convergence

Front 8

rods

Back 8

high sensitivity in dim light; poor acuity; no color; high neural convergence

Front 9

fovea

Back 9

area of retina where the ganglion cells are “pulled” aside;
reduces light distortion; increased acuity; only cones

Front 10

why are rods more sensitive?

Back 10

have photochemical rhodopsin which is extremely sensitive to light (broken down in bright light)

Front 11

macular degeneration

Back 11

diseases that lead to breakdown of the macula - responsible for central vision and visual acuity

Front 12

glaucoma

Back 12

pressure buildup in eye due to overproduction or improper drainage of liquid

Front 13

cataracts

Back 13

opacity of the lens due to excess fluid - light has trouble passing through

Front 14

hyperopia - how is it corrected?

Back 14

far-sightedness - focal point is behind retina; convex lens

Front 15

myopia

Back 15

near-sightedness - focal point is in front of retina; concave lens

Front 16

subtractive colour mixing

Back 16

mixing coloured pigments; red, yellow, blue

Front 17

additive colour mixing

Back 17

mixing coloured lights; blue, green, red

Front 18

three primaries law

Back 18

mixing the right proportion of the 3 primary lights will match any colour the eye can see

Front 19

law of complementarity

Back 19

mixing 2 complementary colours of light will make white light

Front 20

trichromatic theory of colour vision

Back 20

brain combines signals of all 3 sensors (blue, red, green light sensitive) to produce perception

Front 21

opponent process theory of colour vision

Back 21

red-green opponent cells, blue-yellow opponent cells, brightness detector cells - opponent cells cancel each other out

Front 22

how do we code information about object shape?

Back 22

defined by edges/contours (one level of brightness occurs next to another), exaggerated by visual system

Front 23

lateral inhibition

Back 23

some retinal cells inhibit their neighbours; cells encoding info from the edge are inhibited by the light beside them and will fire less making them seem darker

Front 24

where-and-how pathway

Back 24

primary visual cortex to dorsal portions of parietal lobe - detects object location and motion

Front 25

what pathway

Back 25

primary visual cortex to ventral portion of temporal lobe - object/color recognition

Front 26

top-down processing

Back 26

perceptual processing that begins higher up in the brain - basic sensory info plus info from previous experience or larger context

Front 27

bottom-up processing

Back 27

based on incoming sensory information directly from sensory inputs

Front 28

Treisman's feature-integration theory

Back 28

stage 1 - detection of primitive sensory features
stage 2 - integration

Front 29

pop-out stimuli

Back 29

vary from distractor stimuli by one feature; hard to spot when they combine 2 or more features of distractor stimuli

Front 30

illusory conjunctions

Back 30

faulty integration of primitive features leading to misperception (mixing up colors of straight and squiggly lines)

Front 31

Gestalt theory

Back 31

automatically perceive whole, organized patterns; proximity, similarity, closure, good continuation, common movement, good form

Front 32

examples of conscious and unconscious interference

Back 32

conscious - dual percept images
unconscious - rotating mask

Front 33

Biederman

Back 33

objects are decomposed into features, features are combined into 3-D geometric shapes called geons, combined groups of geons are matched against templates of objects stored in memory

Front 34

templates

Back 34

Involves matching incoming stimuli patterns to established, memory-based, cognitive ‘templates’

Front 35

prototype

Back 35

visual patterns are analyzed against a prototype, or more generalized representation, instead of a rigid template

Front 36

optic ataxia

Back 36

reaching deficits

Front 37

akinetopsia

Back 37

inability to see moving objects

Front 38

visual agnosia

Back 38

inability to recognize/identify objects

Front 39

visual form agnosia

Back 39

can see that something is present but can't perceive its shape

Front 40

visual object agnosia

Back 40

can recognize shape but can't identify what it is

Front 41

prosopagnosia

Back 41

can't recognize faces

Front 42

fusiform gyrus specializes in

Back 42

recognizing faces, individual members of any given category of objects

Front 43

eye convergence

Back 43

when your eyes move inward to view an object

Front 44

binocular disparity

Back 44

objects produce a different image on each eye (greater for close objects)

Front 45

motion parallax

Back 45

when we are moving near objects pass quickly and far objects pass slowly

Front 46

stereopsis

Back 46

perception of depth based on binocular disparity

Front 47

pictorial cues

Back 47

occlusion, relative image size, linear perspective, texture gradient, position relative to horizon, shading

Front 48

what are the visual constancies?

Back 48

brightness, colour, shape, size

Front 49

what is the modal model of the mind

Back 49

sensory, working, long-term memory

Front 50

sensory memory

Back 50

iconic and echoic memory, stores info long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics

Front 51

attention

Back 51

gate that selects relevant info from sensory and moves it to working

Front 52

priming

Back 52

activation/recall of one or more existing memories by a cue or priming stimulus; can influence thought/actions

Front 53

what is the stroop interference task

Back 53

subjects are slower to call out the colour of a word if the word is a different colour

Front 54

working memory

Back 54

conscious processing of info

Front 55

chunking

Back 55

expanding capacity of working memory by grouping small bits of info into larger units of meaningful info

Front 56

Baddeley's working memory model: what are central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad

Back 56

ce - controls flow of info in/out of working memory
pl - verbal rehearsal
vsp - remembering/manipulating stimuli that have mental imagery

Front 57

long term memory

Back 57

organizes and stores info

Front 58

primacy effect

Back 58

better recall for first words on the list - more rehearsal

Front 59

recency effect

Back 59

recall last few words

Front 60

explicit memory

Back 60

declarative/conscious memory (episodic, semantic)

Front 61

implicit memory

Back 61

influences thoughts and behaviours - doesn't enter conscious awareness (classic conditioning, priming, procedural memory)

Front 62

episodic memory

Back 62

tied to your own experiences in life

Front 63

semantic memory

Back 63

general facts/definitions

Front 64

procedural memory

Back 64

enables you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responses

Front 65

retrograde amnesia

Back 65

loss of old memories

Front 66

anterograde amnesia

Back 66

inability to form new memories

Front 67

who was patient H.M.?

Back 67

removed part of his temporal lobe; anterograde amnesia

Front 68

who is clive waring?

Back 68

musician who got encephalitis; anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Front 69

ways to encode info into long term memory

Back 69

rote rehearsal - verbal repetition
elaboration - thinking about an item and associating it w/ other items
organization - chunking, hierarchical organization
visualization - mental walk, key word method
narrative - items linked in a story

Front 70

flashbulb memory

Back 70

vivid recall of circumstances in which you learned about an emotionally arousing event

Front 71

decay theory

Back 71

unused memories fade over time

Front 72

retroactive interference

Back 72

when a new memory interferes w/ remembering old info

Front 73

proactive interference

Back 73

when an old memory interferes w/ remembering new info

Front 74

retrieval cue

Back 74

prompt to aid memory retrieval

Front 75

encoding specificity principle

Back 75

stimuli or ideas that were prominent in a persons mind at the time of initial learning are effective retrieval cues

Front 76

context dependent memory

Back 76

external, environmental factors ie tested in the same place you learned it

Front 77

state dependent memory

Back 77

internal, physiological factors, same physiological state as you where when you learned it

Front 78

what does it mean to be conscious?

Back 78

Awareness of your own mental processes of perceiving, planning, remembering, thinking, etc.

Front 79

isolation aphasia

Back 79

inability to repeat speech

Front 80

Mesmer

Back 80

waved magnets around patient's body to hypnotize them

Front 81

ideomotor

Back 81

suggests a particular action

Front 82

challenge

Back 82

suggests that they won't be able to do something

Front 83

cognitive

Back 83

distortions of sensory/cognitive experience

Front 84

brain mechanisms of sleep

Back 84

circadian rhythm - 24 hour time cycle
BRAC - 90 min cycle