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8 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is problem solving and what are the two categories of problems?
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Problem solving is the identification and implementation of solutions to a problem.
1) well-defined 2) Ill-defined |
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Describe well defined and ill defined problems, give examples of each.
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well-defined problem: The initial state, operation and goal state are completely specified.
ex. 3x=6. find x. Ill-defined problem: Problemsin which there is uncertainty in either: the initial state, the permissibleoperations, or the final state. Because of the uncertainty, the problem spacecannot be completely specified. ex. cook dinner, write a paper, build a career |
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Specific example of a well-defined problem?
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Arrangement problem: A problem that requires rearranging its parts to satisfy a specified criterion, like an anagram.
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Solving problems requires:
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Means-End Analysis:identifying differences that exist between the current state and the goal stateand selecting operations that will reduce these differences.
ex. hanoi tower task. |
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Why was the hanoi tower task difficult for children?
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- 3 year olds tend to break the rules
- older children can plan sub goals and look ahead - 6 year olds also have trouble making moves that puts them further away from reaching their ultimate goal. |
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How does the context of the problem affect success? Name the experiment and describe the experiment that tests this.
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Wason-card task. First hypothesis was a more abstract concept (vowel on one side, even number on the other).
Conformation bias: We tend to look for information that will confirm our beliefs vs. go against them Second hyptohesis: If a person is driving a car, then that person must be over 16 People do better with concept based problems. Better at reasoning with realistic content. Information from experience. |
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Ceci (1996) - context with children.
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10 year olds 2 conditions: a) Animals b) shapes
- children had to predict what would come next A) shapes varied in size, color, and shape. and movement of shapes were squares up, circles down, triangles stay. dark to right, light to left. large go from lower left to upper right, and opposite for smaller. B) animal version presented as a video game context - butterfly, bee, or bird - same movement as shapes 15 blocks of 50 trials. DV: accuracy of childs prediction results? |
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Tool use as a method of problem solving. Experiment describing this.
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How good are children at making tools?
Task: retrieve sticker from cylinder using two short sticks, piece of string and pipe cleaner 1 minute to solve (tool innovation) If necessary tool was modeled and they tried again (tool manafacture). Results: Younger children could not manafacture the tool (up to 5 years). Older children could. Our findings suggest that children’s ability to innovate tools lags substantially behind their ability to learn about making tools from others and their causal understanding of tools. |
