Psyc 961: Exam One

Front 1

A syndrome that develops in the 3rd stage of syphilis that is characterized by:
- Delusions of grandeur
- Dementia
- Progressive motor paralysis

Back 1

General Paresis of the Insane (GPI)

Front 2

A well known American opera composer whose life was cut short due to general paresis.

Back 2

Joplin

Front 3

Advocated for "moral therapy" and advocated for health reform which regulated treatment in French mental hospitals.

Back 3

Pinel

Front 4

Described the grouping of symptoms that come together to make the syndrome known as general paresis of the insane (GPI).

Back 4

Haslam

Front 5

Noticed that the general paresis syndrome had a prognosis - a typical course and outcome (which was fatal).

Back 5

Esquirol

Front 6

Performed post mortem examinations of the brains of individuals with GPI and discovers an underlying pathology - common destruction of nervous tissue.

Back 6

Parschappe

Front 7

Discovers the etiology of GPI - connects GPI to a previous syphilis diagnosis in 65% of patients.

Back 7

Fournier

Front 8

Shows a definite link between syphilis and GPI by discovering that 100% of GPI patients are immune to syphilitic infection when injected with the microbe.

Back 8

Kraft-Ebing

Front 9

What is the specific bacterium responsible for syphilis? Who identified it?

Back 9

spirochete pallidum, Schaudinn

Front 10

Locate spirochete pallidum (the specific bacterium responsible for syphilis) in the brains of GPI patients.

Back 10

Moore and Noguchi

Front 11

Developed the first truly effective form of therapy of neurosyphilis using malaria inoculation.

Back 11

von Jauregg

Front 12

Who developed the first medicine that destroyed spirochete pallidum (the responsible bacterium) in the early stages of syphilis?

What was it called?

Back 12

Ehrlich, salvarsan ("606")

Front 13

An abnormal involuntary movement that maintains an abnormal posture for seconds. The movement typically involves a rotary or twisting component.

Back 13

Dystonia

Front 14

Established the science of genetics (that remained unknown for another 35 years) by spending 7 years crossing pea plant genetic patterns.

Back 14

Mendels (the monk)

Front 15

A gene that is not diluted when crossed with an individual without the gene is known as a ________________ gene.

Back 15

Dominant

Front 16

What are the 3 fundamental features of Huntington's Disease?

Back 16

1. Dyskinesia (chorea)
2. Dementia
3. Heritability

Front 17

"Dance-like" involuntary movements occurring at rest; might be described as grimacing, squirming, or twitching.

Back 17

Dyskinesia (chorea)

Front 18

Where did three generations of the Huntington family first observe the heritability of Huntington's Disease?

Back 18

East Hampton, NY

Front 19

Three men and their wives are believed to have brought Huntington's Disease to American from this location.

Back 19

Village of Bures in Suffolk County, England

Front 20

Determined that the gene mutation responsible for Huntington's Disease was located on the short arm of which chromosome?

Where did her work take place?

Back 20

Chromosome 4, Lake Maracaibo - Venezuela

Front 21

The protein that is altered due to an increase in C-A-G repeats in the genetic code of an individual with Huntington's Disease.

Back 21

Huntington Protein

Front 22

What part of the brain is centrally attacked in individuals with Huntington's and Wilson's Diseases? This part of the brain is important for controlling movement.

What are its two parts?

Back 22

Corpus Striatum, lenticular (large center) nucleus and caudate ("tail") nucleus

Front 23

The following symptoms are characteristic of what disease? (1) assymetrical tremor (2) ataxia - balance issues (3) difficulties walking, talking, swallowing (4) dystonia (5) grand mal seizures (6) hallucinations, manic excitement, depression

Back 23

Wilson's Disease

Front 24

Cirrhosis of the liver at a very early age (10-13) is a sign of what genetic disease?

Back 24

Wilson's Disease

Front 25

Linked Wilson's Disease to a problem with copper metabolism.

Back 25

Cumings

Front 26

The process of ridding the body of excess copper which is necessary in the treatment of Wilson's Disease.

Back 26

Chelation

Front 27

The sibling of a child with Wilson's Disease has a ___% chance of developing the disease.

Back 27

25%

Front 28

Huntington's Disease is passed along through a ______________ pattern while Wilson's Disease is passed along through a _____________ pattern.

Back 28

Dominant, Recessive

Front 29

The gene identified as being responsible for Wilson's Disease (ATP7B) is on chromosome _____.

The gene identified as being responsible for Huntington's Disease is on chromosome ______.

Back 29

Chromosome 13

Chromosome 4

Front 30

True or False: There is a genetic test to identify Huntington's Disease but there is no genetic test to identify the presence of Wilson's Disease because a lot of different mutations of the gene will result in the disease.

Back 30

True

Front 31

Dystonia of the face.

Back 31

risus sardonicus

Front 32

Firs used the term "dystonia" to describe a particular hereditary diesease characterized by abnormal (dys) muscle tone (tonia).

Back 32

Oppenheim

Front 33

What is the old terminology for classification of conditions that contain dystonia?

Back 33

dystonia muscularum deformans

Front 34

The protein responsible for eliminating copper that is not developed properly in Wilson's Disease.

Back 34

P-type copper-transporting ATPase

Front 35

How many sets of chromosomes do autosomes have?

Sex chromosomes?

Back 35

2 (one from each parent)

1

Front 36

____________ is actual genetic makeup while _______________ is how that genetic makeup is actually expressed.

Back 36

genotype, phenotype

Front 37

Energy is produced by the splitting of ATP in a process known as ______________.

Back 37

Hydrolosis

Front 38

ATP is short for ____________ ______________.

Back 38

Adenine Triphosphate

Front 39

An important nutrient and B vitamin that is deficient in individuals with undernourishment.

Back 39

Thiamine

Front 40

What syndrome develops due thiamine deficiency?

Back 40

Wernicke Korsakoff's Syndrome

Front 41

What condition is characterized by the following symptoms?
- Gait imbalance (ataxia)
- Altered mentation
- Nystagmus (involuntary eye movement, darting)

Back 41

Wernicke's Encephalopathy

Front 42

What condition is characterized by the following symptoms?
- Psychosis
- Disorientation
- Amnesia
-Confabulation

Back 42

Korsakoff Syndrome

Front 43

ATP is synthesized within ______________ and broken down to produce energy in _________________.

Back 43

Mitochondria, Ribosomes

Front 44

Burning of the feet is an example of ______________ _____________ due to a vitamin deficiency.

Back 44

peripheral neuropathy

Front 45

A disorder in which the patient develops specific neurological symptoms, which as paralysis or weakness, for reasons that are entirely psychological.

What is the modern term for these types of disorders?

Back 45

Hysteria

Conversion Disorders

Front 46

Developing a cyst in the spinal cord that could potentially impact the sensation of pain (spirothalamic pathway) but not the sensation of touch (lemniscal pathway) is known as _______________.

Back 46

syringomyelia

Front 47

Loss of sensitivity or the sense of touch in the hand is referred to as ___________ _____________.

Back 47

Glove Anesthesia

Front 48

The loss of ability to feel touch.

The loss of the ability to feel pain.

Back 48

Anesthesia

Analgesia

Front 49

Who discovered the basic structure of DNA?

Back 49

Watson & Crick

Front 50

DNA is a twisted rope ladder with the rungs of the ladder composed of pairs of _________ ________ joined by ___________ bonds.

Back 50

nucleotide bases, Hydrogen

Front 51

DNA is short for _________________ ___________.

Back 51

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 52

What are the two types of nucleotide bases? What makes them different?

Back 52

Purines (double Hydrogen bond)

Pyrimidines (triple Hydrogen bond)

Front 53

What are the two purine nucleotide bases?

What are the two pyrimidine nucleotide bases?

Back 53

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)

Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C)

Front 54

In the process of ______________, DNA Hydrogen bonds are severed by an enzyme (helicase) and then complimentary bases are attracted to each strand. These two, separate strands of DNA are then joined together with the aid of an enzyme known as DNA _____________.

Back 54

Duplication

DNA Polymerase

Front 55

mRNA is short for ____________ ___________.

Rather than Thymine (T), mRNA uses ___________.

Back 55

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

Uracil (U)

Front 56

In the process of ____________, a portion of the split DNA serves as a template on which mRNA is synthesized. The mRNA then contains complimentary bases to that portion and are bonded together using RNA polymerase. mRNA leaves the nucleus to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where it enters a ______________.

Back 56

Transcription

Ribosome

Front 57

In the process of ____________, mRNA enters the ribosome (like a dollar in a vending machine). The complimentary bases that line up complimentary bases to the mRNA and line up the appropriate amino acid for the synthesis of protein are called ________.

Back 57

Translation, tRNA

Front 58

How many essential amino acids are there?

Back 58

20

Front 59

_____________ proteins can change shape throughout the nervous system.

Back 59

Allosteric

Front 60

A collection of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

Back 60

Nerve

Front 61

A collection of axons in the central nervous system.

Back 61

Tract

Front 62

A collection of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system.

Back 62

Ganglion

Front 63

A collection of cell bodies in the central nervous system.

Back 63

Nucleus

Front 64

What are the 5 types of spinal nerves? How many are there of each?

Back 64

Cervical (8)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (1)

Front 65

How many cranial nerves are there?

Which cranial nerve provides function for the heart, blood vessels, and viscera? It is involved in parasympathetic nervous system activity.

Back 65

12

Vagus (X, 10th)

Front 66

Dorsal : __________ as Ventral : ___________.

Back 66

Back, Front

Front 67

Sensory axons enter the spinal cord via the _______ root, while motor axons enter via the _______ ventral. This is referred to as the _______-__________ Law.

Back 67

Dorsal (back), Ventral (front), Bell-Magendie

Front 68

Neurons that have one process (such as sensory organs that only send information up to the CNS) are called ____________ neurons. They have _________ on either side of the nucleus.

Back 68

Unipolar, axons

Front 69

Neurons with multiple processes (such as motor neurons are called __________ neurons. They have multiple ____________.

Back 69

Multipolar, dendritic spines

Front 70

What part of a neuron sends out messages?

What part of a neuron receives messages?

Back 70

Axons

Dendrites

Front 71

The surface area served by a certain sensory nerve is called a ________________.

Back 71

Dermatome

Front 72

Which cranial nerve is necessary for chewing and eye movement?

Back 72

Trigeminal (V, 5th)

Front 73

What are the two types of peripheral nervous system motor nerves?

Back 73

Skeletal (Somatic) and Autonomic

Front 74

The _______________ nervous system is composed of nerves with one single continuous axon.

Back 74

Skeletal (Somatic)

Front 75

Motor neurons that that innervate smooth muscles, the heart muscle, and important glands make up the ______________ nervous system.

Back 75

Autonomic

Front 76

In the ________________ nervous system, it takes two neurons to relay a message from the central nervous system.

Back 76

Autonomic

Front 77

When the autonomic nervous system sends out a message from the CNS, the 1st neuron is called the _______________ neuron and the 2nd neuron is called the ___________________.

Which one is longer?

Back 77

Pre-ganglionic neuron, Post-ganglionic neuron

Post-ganglionic neuron

Front 78

Autonomic nervous system innervates ___________ muscles and the skeletal nervous system innervates ____________ muscles.

Back 78

smooth, striated

Front 79

Part of the autonomic nervous system (a large group of motor neurons) that is responsible for the fight or flight response is the ______________ nervous system.

Back 79

Sympathetic

Front 80

For the parasympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglionic motor neurons leave the spinal cord at which levels?

Back 80

Cranial and Sacral

Front 81

Part of the autonomic nervous system (a large group of motor neurons) that is responsible for bodily functions at rest (i.e. digestion) is the _______________ nervous system.

Back 81

Parasympathetic

Front 82

For the sympathetic nervous system, the pre-ganglionic motor neurons leave the spinal cord at which levels?

Back 82

Thoracic and Lumbar

Front 83

The primary control over the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems of the PNS is found in the ____________.

Back 83

Hypothalamus

Front 84

___________ glands secrete _________ into the internal environment.

___________ glands secrete other stuff (oil, sweat, wax, etc.) into the external environment.

Back 84

Endocrine, hormones

Exocrine

Front 85

The gray matter in the spinal cord is made up of what?

Back 85

Cell bodies

Front 86

The white matter in the spinal cord is made up of what? Why is it white?

Back 86

Axons, myelination

Front 87

The ascending tracts in the spinal cord carry what kind of information?

Back 87

Somatosensory

Front 88

What are the two types of somatosensory pathways in the spinal cord?

Back 88

Lemniscal and spirothalamic

Front 89

Of the somatosensory pathways in the spinal cord, the lemniscal pathway is uniquely ___________ and controls _________ senses such as touch.

Back 89

ipsilateral, epicritic

Front 90

Of the somatosensory pathways in the spinal cord, the spirothalamic pathway is ______________ and controls ____________ senses such as pain.

Back 90

contralateral, protopathic

Front 91

The descending pathways in the spinal cord carry what kind of information?

Back 91

Motor information

Front 92

What are the two types of motor (descending) pathways in the spinal cord?

Back 92

Corticospinal and Reticulospinal

Front 93

Which motor pathway in the spinal cord controls pyramidal motor movements?

What kinds of movements are these?

Back 93

Corticospinal

Gross Motor

Front 94

Which motor pathway int he spinal cord controls extra-pyramidal motor movements?

What kinds of movements are these?

Back 94

Reticulospinal or Vestibulospinal

Fine Motor

Front 95

The hole down the middle of the spinal cord.

Back 95

The central canal

Front 96

Senses that we feel on the surface of the body are called ___________ senses.

Back 96

Cutaneous

Front 97

Senses that allow you to position your limbs in space are called __________ senses.

Back 97

Proprioceptive

Front 98

Lou Gehrig's Disease or A.L.S. is known as ______________ ________________ _____________.

Back 98

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Front 99

Rippling sensations as they "wave good-bye" in A.L.S. are referred to as ___________.

Back 99

Fasciculations

Front 100

_____________ is paralysis on the arm, leg, and trunk of the same side of the body.

Back 100

Hemiplegia