Psyc 104 Module 6

Front 1

Learning?

Back 1

change in an organism’sbehaviours or thoughts as a result of experience

Front 2

Big 3 of learning?

Back 2

1. Event-alone learning (Habituation)

2. Event-event learning (Classical Conditioning)

3. Behaviour-event learning (Instrumental orOperant Conditioning)

Front 3

Habituation?

Back 3

process bywhich we respond less stronglyover time to repeated stimuli

makes adaptive sense

decrease in response intensity with repeated stimulus pressentations

Front 4

Habitua'on in startle response?

Back 4

• Long-term habituation

– When stimuli are presentedspaced over time – Slow, stable

Short-term habituation

– When stimuli are presentedclose together over time

– Fast, volatile

Front 5

Sensitization?

Back 5

Increase in vigour of behaviour that can result fromrepeated presentations of a stimulus, or by arousalfrom extraneous stimuli

Front 6

Stimulus specificity?

Back 6

Habituation is highly specific

sensitization is often not specific

Front 7

Classical conditioning?

Back 7

Ivan pavlov

Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which aneutral stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of asecond stimulus.

Front 8

Conditioned stimulus ? unconditioned stimulus?

Unconditioned response? conditioned response?

Back 8

CS:prev neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

US: biologically significant stimulus that already has a response associated with it

UR: response associated with a US is referred to UR.

CR: pairings of the CS with a US, CS will come to elicit the same respose as the pared UR.

Front 9

Acquisition

Back 9

With repeated pairings, the CR becomes more reliable andgrows in magnitude. This occurs until the CR reliably followsthe presentation of the CS, and the magnitude of the CR issimilar to that of the UR.

Front 10

Asymptote?

Back 10

When the CR reliably follows the presentation of the CS,and the magnitude of the CR is similar to that of the UR.

Front 11

Extinction:?

Back 11

When a CS is presented without the US. The CS will slowlylose the ability to elicit a CR.

Front 12

Eye-Blink Conditioning?

Back 12

Brief CS (tone) followed by shock to cheek or puff ofair to eye (US). UR = Blink.

Front 13

Spontaneous Recovery?

Back 13

When a seemingly extinct CR reappears (often in asomewhat weaker form) if the CS is presented againfollowing a delay after extinction.

Front 14

stimulus generalization?

Back 14

Once a CS has beenestablished (e.g., it producesa CR reliably), similar stimulimay also produce a CR.

Front 15

Stimulus discrimination?

Back 15

occurs when we exhibit aless pronounced CR to CSs that differ from theoriginal CS.

Front 16

Higher-order Conditioning?

Back 16

Conditioning can occur without a US.

Eventually CS2 came to elicit the CR even though itwas never paired with a US.

Front 17

Applications of CC?

Back 17

§ Advertising

§ Acquisition of fears and phobias

§ Drug Tolerance

§ Fetishes

§ Disgust Reactions

Front 18

classical conditioning and drug tolerance?

Back 18

People who use drugs in a particular setting, such asalways in the same room, develop enhanced toleranceto the drug in that setting.o

Responsible for many cases of accidental overdoses

Front 19

Fetishes?

Back 19

sexual attraction to nonliving things

Front 20

Disgust Reactions?

Back 20

a photograph of eggs, paired with the noxioussmell can create a CC disgust reaction to the photo.

o In many cases, disgust reactions are tied to stimuli thatare biologically important to us, like animals or objectsthat are dirty or potentially dangerous

Front 21

Operant conditioning?

Back 21

Learning controlled by theconsequences of the organisms behaviour

Front 22

Differences of OC and CC?

Back 22

dsa

Front 23

Law of Effect?

Back 23

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed bya satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulusand response will be strengthened

learning did not depend on reasoning but instead was incremental.t

Front 24

Skinner boxes?

Back 24

electronically record an animals activity

provides reinforcement in response to specific actions

Front 25

Positive vs Negative Reinforcement?

Back 25

Positive reinforcement: consequence consists of presenting something pleasant

Negative reinforcement: consequence consists of removing something unpleasant

Front 26

Positive vs Negative Punishment?

Back 26

Positive: Present an unpleasant stimulus to an animal when a particular action is performed

Negative: Take away a pleasant stimulus when particular action is performed

Front 27

Discriminative Stimulus?

Back 27

any stimulus thatsignals the availability of reinforcement.

Front 28

Shaping?

Back 28

Sequence of training steps are rewarded

As an animal performs a behaviour more like what you wantto see, you only reinforce the new behaviour, not the old one

Front 29

Principles of Operant Conditioning?

Back 29

Combination of free exploration and shaping by successive approimations

Front 30

Chaining?

Back 30

associating two shaped behaviourstogether, typically by getting the animal to performboth behaviours in close temporal proximity

Front 31

Primary reinforcer vs secondary reinforcer?

Back 31

P-Item or outcome that naturally increase a target behaviour

S- neutral object that becomes associated wtih a primary reinforcer

Front 32

Escape Behaviour?

Back 32

Performance of a behaviour terminates an aversivestimulus

Front 33

Avoidance Behaviour

Back 33

Performance of the behaviour prevents the aversivestimulus from occurring

Front 34

2 processes to learn avoidance?

Back 34

CC of a fear response to a CS

Light->shcok->fear

OC escape response to fear evoking S

-light(SD):climb over barrier (R) - reduction in fear (SR)

Front 35

Amygdala?

Back 35

visual presentation of fearful event increases activity in the amygdala

Front 36

PTSD?

Back 36

causes increased activity in the right amygdala

Front 37

Ratio Schedules?

Back 37

Fixed ratio- behavior is reinforced after fixed number of times occured

variable ratio - animal is reinforced on average around a certain number of responses

Front 38

Post reinforcement pause?

Back 38

perform at high rate, punctuated by short pauses after reinforcement

Front 39

interval schedules?

Back 39

fixed -behaviour is reinfored only when it occurs after a specific period of time

variable -like fi schedules except intervals varies around some average ( seen in nature quite often )

Front 40

Which schedule is gambling reinforced on?

Back 40

VR schedule

"dont know which response will be einforced? could always be the nest one!"

Front 41

Biological preparedness?

Back 41

biologically prewired to lern behaviours related to survival

Front 42

what is invovled with the ability to expereience reward?

Back 42

Nucleus acubens and dopamine

Front 43

cognitive maps?

Back 43

mental representations of spatial layouts

Front 44

Observational learning?

Back 44

learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model

Front 45

4 steps of modeling process?

Back 45

4 steps:

Attention

Retention

Reproduction

Motivation

Front 46

Learning Fads ?

Back 46

sleep assisted learning - subsjects wake up and thereby learn more

accelerated learning not effective

discovery leraning would have students figure out scientific principles through trial and error ( direct instrucction is almost always better)