Psy 431 (Unit 3: Perception)

Front 1

Perception

Back 1

-How we organize information that we receive into something useful

-Creating meanings from the information that we receive

Front 2

How do we organize our perceptions?

Back 2

Perception is the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in meaningful fashion

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The Constancies

Back 3

1. Size constancy

2. Shape constancy

3. Brightness constancy

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Size constancy

Back 4

Tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

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Shape constancy

Back 5

-Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

-Even if you change the angle of the object you are viewing, you will perceive it as the same shape

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Brightness constancy

Back 6

Tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

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Gestalt Principles

Back 7

1. Figure-ground relationships

2. Proximity

3. Similarity

4. Closure

5. Continuity

6. Contiguity

7. Common Region

8. Element Connectedness

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Figure-ground relationships

Back 8

-Tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background

-Reversible figures are visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed

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Proximity

Back 9

Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

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Similarity

Back 10

Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

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Closure

Back 11

-Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

-Close or fill in missing parts from what we know of the whole

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Continuity

Back 12

Tendency to perceive things as simple as possible with a complete pattern rather than a complex, broken-up pattern

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Contiguity

Back 13

Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related

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Common Region

Back 14

-Tendency to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group

-Similarity would suggest that people see two groups but the color backgrounds define a visible common region

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Element Connectedness

Back 15

Tendency to perceive objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity

Front 16

Pictorial Depth Cues

Back 16

1. Linear Perspective

2. Texture Gradient

3. Aerial or Atmospheric Perspective

4. Relative Size

5. Interposition/Overlap

6. Motion Parallax

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Linear Perspective

Back 17

Lines of the trees and sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance

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Texture Gradient

Back 18

-Causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away

-The nearer the object, the more you can see the texture

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Aerial or Atmospheric Perspective

Back 19

-The farther away something is, the hazier it appears

-Because of the fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object

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Relative Size

Back 20

-Objects in the distance appear much smaller than those in the foreground

-Causes smaller objects to be perceived as farther away from the viewer

Front 21

Interposition/Overlap

Back 21

If one objects seems to be blocking another object, assume that the blocked object is behind the first one, therfore farther away

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Motion Parallax

Back 22

-Discrepancy in motion of near and far objects

-Objects outside the car window seem to zip by very fast when they are close to the car

-Objects far away or in the distance seem to move more slowly

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Binocular Cues to Depth Perception

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1. Convergence

2. Binocular Disparity

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Convergence

Back 24

-Involves the muscles of the eyes

-When objects are far away, the eye muscles are more relaxed

-When objects are close, the eye muscles converge or more together

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Binocular Disparity

Back 25

Because eyes are separated by several centimeters, each eye sees a slightly different image of the object in front of you

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Perceptual Illusions

Back 26

1. Hermann Grid

2. Müller-Lyer Illusion

3. The Ebbinghaus Illusion

4. Moon Illusion

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Perceptual Illusions

Back 27

-Perception that does not correspond to reality

-People may think that they see something when the reality is quite different

-Visual stimuli that "fool" the eye

-Different from hallucinations

-Distorted perception of a stimuli that is really there

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Hallucinations

Back 28

-Makes people think that a stimuli is present, when in fact it is non-existent

-Originates in the brain, not reality

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Hermann Grid

Back 29

-Opponent-Process theory

-Small boxes appearing in the intersections

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Müller-Lyer Illusion

Back 30

-In reality, both lines are equal in length

-Arrow ends

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The Ebbinghaus Illusion

Back 31

-Use context to determine the size of the object

-Visual context effects of the surrounding circles influence our perception

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Moon Illusion

Back 32

-Moon on the horizon appears to be larger than when the moon is high up on the sky

-Size of the moon does not really change

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Perceived/Apparent Motion

Back 33

1. Apparent Movement

2. Autokinetic Effect

3. Stroboscopic motion

4. Phi Phenomenon

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Apparent Movement

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-Illusion that still objects are moving

-Due to the eyes shifting attention

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Autokinetic Effect

Back 35

Perceived motion of a single object, eyes become fatigued

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Stroboscopic motion

Back 36

Created by a rapid series of still pictures

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Phi Phenomenon

Back 37

Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence

Ex. Christmas decorations

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Perceptual Expectancy

Back 38

Tendency to perceive things in different ways because of previous experiences/expectation that influence our perception

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Perceptual Expectancy

Back 39

1. Ames Room Illusion

2. Top-Down Processing & Bottom-Up Processing

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Ames Room Illusion

Back 40

-Perceives the room as rectangle

-In reality, it is actually a trapezoid with angled walls and floor

-We are used to seeing rooms as a rectangle

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Top-Down Processing & Bottom-Up Processing

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-Top-Down: Use of pre-existing knowledge to organize features into a unified whole

-Bottom-Up: Analysis of smaller features to build up a complete perception

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Devil's Trident

Back 42

Seems to be an ordinary-three pronged figure

Front 43

Subliminal Perception

Back 43

-Notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness/conscious

-Research shows that the effect only occurs in controlled laboratory studies

-Research outside the laboratory shows no significant effect of subliminal information

-Subception

-Information getting into our system but we are not completely aware of it

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Examples of Subliminal Perception

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1. Toblerone: mountain and bear using figure-ground relationship

2. Unilever: a lot of pictures making up a letter "U" but we are not fully aware of it

3. Amazon: A to Z, following the arrow

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Extra Sensory Perception

Back 45

Perception that occurs independently of the known sensory processes

Front 46

Extra Sensory Perception

Back 46

1. Telepathy

2. Clairvoyance

3. Precognition

4. Telekinesis

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Telepathy

Back 47

-Thought transference between persons

-Communication through means other than the senses

-As by the exercise of an occult power

-Knowledge of someone else's thoughts or feelings

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Clairvoyance

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Supernormal awareness of objects or events not necessarily known to others

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Precognition

Back 49

Knowledge of the future

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Telekinesis

Back 50

Mental movement or motion of solid matter due to the direct influence of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy