Psy 431 (Unit 4: Conciousness, Sleep, And Dreams)

Front 1

Consciousness

Back 1

-Person's awareness of everything that is going around him/her at any given moment

-Generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in a person's awareness

Front 2

Different Levels of Consciousness

Back 2

1. Waking Consciousness

2. Altered State of Consciousness

3. Controlled Processes

4. Automatic Processes

Front 3

Waking Consciousness

Back 3

-State in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and the person feels alert

-Much of the day is spent in ___________ where these are clear and organized

Front 4

Altered State of Consciousness

Back 4

-There is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared with waking consciousness

-Alertness, thought content, and focus can vary greatly

-From a fully waked consciousness to an altered state, or divided attention

-Aware of what's going on but at the same time may be drifting away

Front 5

Examples of Altered State of Consciousness

Back 5

Daydreaming, meditation, hypnosis, substance-induced states, multitasking

Front 6

Controlled Processes

Back 6

Require our conscious attention to a fairly high degree

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Automatic Processes

Back 7

Require a comparatively low level of conscious awareness

Front 8

Sleep

Back 8

-Webb (1992) described it as "the gentle tyrant"

-One of the human body's biological rhythms

-Natural cycles of activity that the body must go through

Front 9

Circadaian Rhythm

Back 9

-Cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24-hour period

-Sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the brain's hypothalamus

Front 10

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Back 10

Release of melatonin is influenced by a structure within the hypothalamus in an area called __________________

Hint 10

The Role of Hypothalamus

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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Back 11

Internal clock that tells people when to wake up and when to fall asleep

Front 12

Melatonin

Back 12

Sleep hormone produced by the pineal gland

Front 13

Serotonin

Back 13

Example of neurotransmitter associated with arousal and sleep regulation

Front 14

Body Temperature

Back 14

Plays a role in inducing sleep

Front 15

Sleep Patterns of Infants and Adults

Back 15

-As we age, the number of hours for sleep decreases

-There is more REM sleep for children

Front 16

Why Do We Sleep?

Back 16

1. Adaptive Theory of Sleep

2. Restorative Theory of Sleep

Front 17

Adaptive Theory of Sleep

Back 17

-Proposes that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

-Sleep is considered a product of evolution

-Webb 1992

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Restorative Theory of Sleep

Back 18

-Sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

-Enzymes responsible for bodily growth and repair occur during the deepest stages of sleep because they are secreted in higher amounts

Front 19

Sleep deprivationn

Back 19

-Serious problem

-Any significant loss of sleep

-Resulting in problems in concentration and irritability

Hint 19

What happens when you lack sleep?

Front 20

Symptoms of Sleep Deprivation

Back 20

-Fatigue

-Mood changes

-Difficulty concentrating

-Memory problems

-Paranoia

-Hallucinations

Front 21

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

Back 21

-Reflects brain activity during both waking and sleep

-Activity varies according to level of alertness while awake and the stage of sleep

Hint 21

Brain Activity During Sleep

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Stage N3 of Sleep

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-Presence of delta activity

-Much slower and accounts for the larger, slower waves on the graph

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R Sleep

Back 23

-Activity that resembles alert wakefulness but has relatively no muscle activity except for rapid eye movement

-Mimics wakefulness cycle but asleep

-Brain is active but body is not moving because asleep

-Occur about every 90 minutes throughout the night

Front 24

The Stages of Sleep (General)

Back 24

1. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (R or REM)

2. Non-REM Sleep (NREM)

Front 25

Rapid Eye Movement (R or REM)

Back 25

-Stage of deep sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

-An increased amount of _____ sleep allows infant's brain to make new neural connections

-Occurs about the half the time the infant is asleep

Front 26

Non-REM Sleep (NREM)

Back 26

Any stage of sleep that do not include REM

Front 27

Brain Wave Patterns

Back 27

-Seen using EEG

1. Beta waves

2. Alpha waves

3. Theta waves

4. Delta waves

Front 28

Beta waves

Back 28

-Smaller and faster brain waves

-Typically indicating mental activity

Front 29

Alpha waves

Back 29

Indicate a state of relaxation or sleep

Front 30

Theta waves

Back 30

Indicate early stages of sleep

Front 31

Delta waves

Back 31

Long, slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

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N1

Back 32

-"light sleep"

-As theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity decreases, people are said to be entering stage ___ sleep

-May experience vivid visual events (Hypnogogic Images)

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N2

Back 33

-People drift further to sleep

-Body temperature continues to drop

-Heart rate slows

-Breathing may become shallower and more irregular

-EEG will show first signs of sleep spindles

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N3

Back 34

-Delta waves roll in

-slowest and largest waves

-increase during this stage from about 20% to more than 50% of total brain activity

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R

Back 35

-Eyes move rapidly under the eyelids

-Heart beats much faster

-Brain waves resemble beta waves

-Person is still asleep but there is rapid eye movement

-Also called paradoxical sleep

-Mimicking wakefulness cycle but is asleep

Front 36

Sleep Paralysis

Back 36

-Occurs during REM sleep

-Inability of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep

Front 37

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)

Back 37

-Rare discorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movements of the voluntary muscles fails

-Allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

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REM Rebound

Back 38

-Person experiences increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

-Body compensates for lack of REM sleep, long sleep

Front 39

Sleep disorders

Back 39

-Occur when sleep goes wrong

1. Somnambulism (Sleep walking)

2. Night Terrors

3. Nightmares

4. Restless Leg Syndrome

5. Nocturnal Leg Cramps

6. Hypersomnia

7. Insomnia

8. Circadian Rhythm Disorders

9. Enuresis

10. Narcolepsy

11. Sleep Apnea

Front 40

Somnambulism/Sleep Walking

Back 40

-Sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep

-REM behavior disorder (RBD)

Front 41

Nightmares

Back 41

-Bad dreams during REM sleep wherein you can still vividly remember or recall the dream upon waking

-different from night terrors

Front 42

Night Terrors

Back 42

-Extreme fear, agitation, screaming while asleep

-Occurs during NREM

Front 43

Restless Leg Syndrome

Back 43

Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep

Front 44

Nocturnal Leg Cramps

Back 44

Painful cramps in leg or foot muscles

Front 45

Hypersomnia

Back 45

Excessive daytime sleepiness

Front 46

Insomnia

Back 46

-Opposite of hypersomnia

-Nighttime wakefulness

-Inability to sleep at night

Front 47

Circadian Rhythm Disorders

Back 47

-Disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle

-Ex. Jet lag (different time zones) and Shift at work (night shift)

Front 48

Enuresis

Back 48

Urinating while asleep in bed

Front 49

Narcolepsy

Back 49

Falling asleep immediately into REM sleep during the day without any warning

Front 50

Sleep Apnea

Back 50

-Stop breathing for 10 seconds or more during sleep

-Irregular breathing patterns while sleeping

Front 51

N1

Back 51

-While awake

-Primarily beta activity

-More alpha as one relaxes

-Onset is associated while alpha is being replaced by theta

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N2

Back 52

-EEG sleep spindles appear

-Theta activity is predominant

-Body temperature continues to drop

-Heart rate and breathing slow

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N3

Back 53

-Deepest stage of sleep

-Delta activity makes up 20% to 50% + of EEG activity

-Body is at lowest level of functioning

-Hard to awaken

-Sleep disorders such as sleepwalking and night terrors occur in this stage

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R

Back 54

-Dreaming occurs

-Including nightmares

-Eyes move rapidly under eyelids and EEG indicated presence of beta but body is typically still due to sleep paralysis

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REM Behavior Disorder (RBD)

Back 55

-Occurs when body is not still or acts out dreams

-Usually seen in men over age 60

Front 56

Insomnia

Back 56

Inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep

Front 57

Sleep Apnea

Back 57

Consists of loud snoring and stopped breathing

Front 58

Narcolepsy

Back 58

Sudden onset of REM sleep during otherwise waking hours

Front 59

Weight Gain and Sleep

Back 59

-Higher the number of hours of sleep = lower body mass index

-Sleep deprivation = Higher weight gain

Front 60

Why do we dream?

Back 60

1. Freud's Interpretation

2. Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

3. Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)

Front 61

(Why do we dream?) Freud's Interpretation

Back 61

-Wish fulfillment

-Manifest content and latent content

Front 62

Manifest content

Back 62

Actual dream

Front 63

Latent content

Back 63

Hidden or symbolic meaning of dream

Front 64

Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis

Back 64

-Dreams are created by higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods

-Brain is activated during REM sleep that is why we dream

-We may be physically inactive but our brain is still working

-Activation: dreams are a product of random signals

-Synthesis: with brain forming explanation of signals based on memories and other information

Front 65

Pons in the brainstem

Back 65

-Sends random signals to the upper part of the brain during REM sleep

-These random signals pass through the thalamus, which sends the signals to the proper sensory areas of the cortex

-Once in the cortex, the association areas of the cortex respond to the random activation of these cortical cells by synthesizing a story or dream, using bits and pieces of life experiences and memories

Front 66

Activation-Information-Mode Model (AIM)

Back 66

-Revision of activation-synthesis theory

-Information experienced during waking hours can influence the synthesis of dreams

-Whatever happens to you during the day may be carried on to your dreams

Front 67

What do people dream about?

Back 67

-Most dreams reflect events that occur in everyday life

-Examples include current concerns, sex, appearance, flying, falling, nudity

-Most people dream in color

Front 68

Freud (What do dreams mean?)

Back 68

-Unconscious wishes of the dreamer

-Manifest content: the dream itself

-Latent content: hidden or symbolic meaning of the dream

Front 69

Domhoff (What do dreams mean?)

Back 69

Reflection of waking life

Front 70

Jung (What do dreams mean?)

Back 70

Compensation for underdeveloped parts of the psyche

Front 71

Hall (What do dreams mean?)

Back 71

Parts of a cognitive process