Psy 263 Test 4

Front 1

multiple sclerosis

Back 1

autoimmune disorder, immune system attacks myelin of axons in the CNS
areas affected vary, often seen as a motor weakness, sensory disturbance (numb/tingle)

treat:B interferon

Front 2

ADHD treatment

Back 2

dopamine reuptake blockers
-ritalin, adderall, increase DA levels
norepinephrine reuptake blocker
-straterra, increase synaptic NE levels

Front 3

Parkinson's Disease

Back 3

symptoms: tremors, bradykindesia rigidity, postural gait disturbance. evntually dementia

dopamine neurons of substantia nigra die
lack of dopamine disturbs activity basal ganglia causes motor dysfunction

treat: dopamine precursor therapy- LDopa (the immediate precurser to dopamine) DP decarboxylase convers LDP to DP, Dpreyl- prevents breakdown of DP, Pallidotomy/thallotomy surgery, fetal DP cell transplants

Front 4

Alzheimer's pathology

Back 4

death of certain groups of neurons esp cells in nucleous basalis in forebrain that project axons to cerebral cortex and release ACh

serotonin and NE also dies in the cortex/hippocampus

Front 5

Myasthenia gravis

Back 5

immune system attacks and destroys ACh receptors on muscle fibers -> muscle weakness and loss of movement

treat: acetylcholine terase inhibitors (block enayme that breaks ACh down), remove thymus gland (part of immune system)

Front 6

Huntington's Disease

Back 6

inherited disease in which basal ganglia esp caudate/putamen progressively degenerate
GABAergic and ACh neurons destroyed
symptoms begin as motor disfunction and progresses to dimentia. start as jerky movements.
defective gene - chrom 4 and codes for protein "huntington" defective (longer than usual)
NO treat

Front 7

Causes of Mental Handicap

Back 7

genes, prenatal factors, famililial retardation

genetic inf on fetus:
-phenlketonuria: toxic accumulation of that (faulty enzyme to break down)
-down syndrome(trisomy 21): 3 instead of 2 chromosomes

Front 8

crystallized vs fluid intelligence

Back 8

crystal- referred to as knowledge, skills, abilities

fluid - info processing, memory, ability to use reason

Front 9

kinds of intelligence

Back 9

Spearmans G (generalized)
crystallized vs. fluid
Sternberg

Front 10

Sternberg intelligence

Back 10

practical (day to day living) and emotional intelligences

Front 11

intelligence

Back 11

behavior to understand the world, think rationally use resources and profit from experience

Front 12

Alzheimer's treatment

Back 12

increase neurotransmission of ACh by preventing degradation after synaptic release
-cholaneastural drugs : tracrimi (cognex) & donezepil (Aricept)
Exp treatments: anti-inflamatory drugs (ibprofen, indomethacin)

Front 13

diagnosis of Alzheimer's

Back 13

based on biopsy/autopsy of brain which shows neruofibrillary tangles (inside neurons) and amyloid plaques (mostly extracellular deposits)

Front 14

Binet
(Stanford-Binet)

Back 14

1905
intelligence test for educational purpose, large sample and avgerage levels
IQ= mental/chronological x100

IQ norm= 100 SD = 15
68% ppl IQ = 85-115

Front 15

affective (mood) disorders

Back 15

prominent
symptoms = disturbance of mood (prolonged emotion) depressive/manic episodes

Front 16

anterograde amnesia

Back 16

loss of ability to form new memories AFTER trauma (HM)

Front 17

bipolar (manic/depressive) disorder

Back 17

occurence of manic and depressive episodes

Front 18

major (unipolar) depression

Back 18

depressive episode w/o history of manic episode (maybe recurrent)
females 2x more likely to report it

Front 19

brain disorders

Back 19

enlarged ventricles (fluid filled spaces) in brain usually a sign of brain cell death

Front 20

autism

Back 20

4/10,000
b:g - 3:1
abnormal social skills/interest, lack of empathy, no eye contact, communication, imagination.

atypical brain development cortex and cerebellum abnormalities

Front 21

ADHD

Back 21

inattention, distractibility, impulsivity , hyperactivity
boys>girls

Front 22

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 22

initial impairment in recent memory followed by deterioration in nearly ALL cognitive abilities

Front 23

psychosis

Back 23

disorder that includes impairment in reality testing

Front 24

retrograde amnesia

Back 24

loss of ability to recall memories from BEFORE brain trauma (Samantha who?)

Front 25

schizophrenia positive symptoms

Back 25

presence of abnormal psych and behavioral phenomena (hallucinations/delusions)

Front 26

pyramidal system

Back 26

primary motor cortex neurons
ventral neurons

Front 27

patient HM

Back 27

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy to control drug resistant epilepsy (removed hippocampus)
inability to form new memories
can be classically conditioned (stim-response learning), can learn motor behaviors (typing keys in order, but not way home)

Front 28

autism causes

Back 28

genes:
-70% identical twins
-chrom 2,7,15,19, X
-shared symptoms w/ OCS and tourettes

environment:
-birth complications
-rubella
-prenatal exp to drugs during CNS development

Front 29

Wernicke's/Korsakoff's Disorder

Back 29

antero/retro grade amnesia in declarative memory
alcohol dementia
confabulation: creative/false memories
caused by thiamine (B1) deficiency
damage to medial thalamus and mamillary bodies
-base of forebrain (limbic system)
-input from hippocampus, output to thalamus

Front 30

schizophrenia

Back 30

1% of population

Front 31

schizophrenia negative symptoms

Back 31

absence of normal psychological behavior (lack of speech, impaired emotion apathy)

Front 32

tricyclic antidepressant drugs

Back 32

inhibit reuptake of serotonin and NE in synaptic cleft back into presynaptic neuron

Front 33

relationship btwn brain size and intelligence

Back 33

small

Front 34

IQ heredity vs. environment

Back 34

intelligence has heritability
-identical twins have highest correlation btwn IQs
-correlation lower btwn sibs
environment has BIG influence (Ex- head start)

Front 35

mental handicap IQ levels

Back 35

mild: 50-70
moderate: 35-49
severe: 20-34
profound: <20

Front 36

cerebellum

Back 36

input to brainstem spinal cord -> balance posture, coordination, timing

Front 37

relationship to nerve conduction velocity

Back 37

faster = higher IQ scores
(computer example, fast computers are good)

Front 38

aging and intelligence

Back 38

speed decreases with age, partly overcome by knowledge
(computer example, more stuff on it but slower)

Front 39

Wechler

Back 39

Wechler's intelligence scale (WAIS-III)
Wechler's scale for children (WISC-IV)

tests have subtest for verbal.performance scale IQs

Front 40

tardive dyskinesia

Back 40

followign logn term administration of antipsychotic drugs 20-30% of patients
-involuntary oral and facial movement, tics and grimacing

Front 41

Alzheimer's neurofibrillary tangles/amyloid plaques

Back 41

complexes of protein filaments
-make up cytoskeleton

abnormal, longer form of B-amyloid peptide and congregates together. these clums are toxic to neurons

Front 42

classical conditioning (pavlonian conditioning)

Back 42

Pavlov - study digestion
UCStimulous->UCResponce (not learned)
CS (neutral stim becomes assoc w. UCS like bell/buzz)
CR (learned)

UCS -> UCR
UCS & CS -> UCR
CS -> CR (UCR turns to CR)

Front 43

acquisition:

Back 43

timing during conditioning: CS occurs before UCS ( CS is predictive: there is a contingenct btwn CS and UCS)

Front 44

extinction

Back 44

CS presented alone repeatedly -> CR stops occiring

Front 45

conditioned emotional response

Back 45

UCS: foot shock
CS: tone
UCR, CR: non-specific "emotional" response

Front 46

cellular mechanisms of learning in the hippocampus: long-term potential (LTP)

Back 46

population spike: electrical activity recordd in a brain region that represents the activity (ac pot) of many neurons at the same time
electrical stimulation: axons can be stimulated electrically, causing nrtrsmter release from axon into synapse
LTP experiment: stimulate axons perforant path (input to hippocampus), record changes in pop spike in denate gyrus of hippocampus

result: LTP, increase in size of pop spike

importance of glutamate for LTP

Front 47

operant conditioning (thorndike, skinner)

Back 47

learnign an association btwn a behavior and a stimulus

reinforcement - INCREASE behavior
positive - (presence) stimulus after behavior
negative - (absence) of a stimulus behavior

punishment - DECREASE behavior

Front 48

operant conditioning reinforcement mechanisms

Back 48

electrical brain stimulation - place stimulating electrode in medial forebrain bundle (contains DP neurons), lever to control stimulation of electrode, animals learn quickly to press lever to receive stimulation

--dopamine antagonists (block DP receptors) -> reduce lever pushing