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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is selective breeding? Why is it used? |
Selective breeding allows only those organisms with the desired characteristics to produce the next generation. It is used to pass desired traits onto the next generation. Nearly all domestic animals and most crops of plants use selective breeding |
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Defined hybridization. Give an example of a hybrid. |
It is the crossing of dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms. An example would be Shasta Daisy. |
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What is inbreeding? What will it lead to? |
Is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. It can lead to serious genetic problems. |
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Why would breeders want to increase variation in a population? |
Because selective breeding would be nearly impossible without genetic variation. |
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Relate genetic variation and mutations to one another. |
Breeders increase the genetic variation in a population by inducing mutations. Mutations occur spontaneously but breeders can increase mutation rate by adding radiation and chemicals. |
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What is polyploidy? |
Is a condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. Usually produces new species of plants because the chromosome number changes. |
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What does the term genetic engineering mean? |
Biologist make changes in the DNA code of a living organism. |
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How are the cuts being made on this strand of DNA? What kind of ends will it produce?
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cut with restriction enzymes
creates sticky ends |
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Compare and contrast sticky ends and blunt ends. Which it Is more effective? Why? |
Sticky ends may stick to complementary base sequences by means of hydrogen bonds |
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Explain the process of gel electrophoresis. Be detailed.. |
1. Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments 2. DNA fragments are poured into wells on a gel 3. An electric voltage moves the DNA fragments across the gel. The smaller DNA fragments the faster and further it will travel. 4. The pattern of fans can be compared with other samples of DNA. |
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What is recombinant DNA? |
DNA molecules that contain genes from more than one organism are sometimes called recombinant DNA. |
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Explain PCR. What does it stand for? What does it make? What happens at every cycle? |
Polymerase chain reaction, is a technique that allows biologists to make copies of genes. DNA is heated to separate it into two strands then cooled to allow the primers to bind to the single stranded DNA. It then makes copies of the region between the primers |
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Why might be a scientist want to know the sequence of a DNA molecule? |
To study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organisms, and to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations. |
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What is a plasmid? Where does it come from? Why do we use it? |
Foreign DNA is first joined to a small circular DNA molecule known as a plasmid. Plasmids are found naturally in some bacteria and have been very useful for DNA transfer. |
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Explain the process shown on page 327. Be detailed. During transformation a cell incorporate's DNA from the outside into its own DNA |
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What is a genetic marker? When are they used? |
A gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carries the plasmid (and the foreign DNA) from those that don't. Genes for resistance to antibiotics, compounds that kill bacteria, are commonly are used as markers. |
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What is transformation? |
A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. If successful, the recombining DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell. |
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What does it mean for a plant or animal to be transgenic? |
It means that it contains genes from other species |
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Label and describe the process of creating Dolly.
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A donor cell is taken from one sheep's udder. An egg cell is taken from another sheep & two cells are fused using electric shock & begin dividing normally and is placed into a foster mother and birth's Dolly |
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What is a clone? |
It clone is A member of the population of genetically identical cells produced from one single cell. |
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List one practical application for each of the following: transgenic bacteria, transgenic animals, transgenic plants. |
Transgenic bacteria can produce: insulin, growth hormone and clotting factor. Transgenic animals are used for research and can improve the food supply. Transgenic plants produce natural insecticides so crops don't have to be sprayed. |
