Hp-Campling:pregnancy

Front 1

What are the functions of the placenta?

Back 1

Protection from mother's immune system, nutrition, gas exchange, excretion, hormone secretion

Front 2

What is need for communication between foetus and mother?

Back 2

Keeps pro/oe high to prevent ovulation

presence of foetus signalled to maternal pituitary-ovarian axis

Front 3

How does the placenta develop?

Back 3

1-3: zygote down fallopian tube to uterus
3-6: blastocyst in uterine fluid
7: blastocyte in endometrium
7: placenta forms

Front 4

Does the maternal and foetus blood mix?

Back 4

No

Front 5

How are molecules transported to placenta?

Back 5

Hydrophilic - higher in mother
Lipophilic - equilibrate readily, faster transfer

Front 6

How is O2 transported?

Back 6

Diffusion

Different O2-Hb dissociation curve

Front 7

How is CO2 transported?

Back 7

Bohr effect

Improved by ability of deoxyhb to form carbamino compounds and its ability to take up H+

Front 8

How is water transported?

Back 8

Osmotic balance

Front 9

How is Na transported?

Back 9

membrane limited passive diffusion - maternal venous plasma slightly lower Na+ than foetal

some active transport- Na/K ATPase esp. on foetal surface of placental membrane

Na+/H+ exchange and Na+/aa co-transport in maternal placental membrane

Front 10

How is glucose transported?

Back 10

Facilitated diffusion
- 2 carriers on foetal and maternal side

Na+ independent

Always conc grad - risks to diabetic foetal growth

Front 11

How are Ig transported?

Back 11

From maternal to foetal blood

Receptor mediated endocytosis on maternal side,exocytosis on foetal side

IgG - passive immunity

Front 12

What is parturition?
What are events leading to it?

Back 12

Giving birth
1. Increased uterine contraction, cervical dilation
2. Complete dilation
3. Delivery of placenta - Ferguson reflex of oxytocin upon pressure, pos fb

Front 13

What are the changes associated with parturition?

Back 13

Softening & dilation of cervix, increased uterine contractions

Cervix - collagen breakdown, increased water content,

Regulated by Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, oestrogen, relaxin

Front 14

What factors stimulate uterine contractions?

Back 14

increase in electrical activity

PgE2, PgF2a, oestrogen

Oxytocin

Front 15

What triggers parturition?

Back 15

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) secretion by cytotrophoblast & fetal membranes

placental CRF stimulated by glucocorticoids

Front 16

What are the sources of pro and oe?

Back 16

Cholesterol

Front 17

What is galactopoiesis?

Back 17

maintenance or enhancement of established lactation - later

Front 18

What is lactogenesis?

Back 18

lactation function, initiated near the time of parturition, during breastfeeding

Front 19

What is mammary gland development controlled by?

Back 19

Changing hormones
Puberty - lactiferous ducts sprout and branch

Early preg - hypertrophy of ductal-lobular-alveolar system takes place

Front 20

What is the composition?

Back 20

Contains colostrum in 1st week. Less fat and lactose than mature milk - more protein, minerals, fat-sol vitamins & IgGs

Front 21

Why does breastfeeding have a contraceptive effect?

Back 21

prolactin inhibits:

- GnRH

- action of GnRH on pituitaryaction of gonadotrophins on ovaries

- Prevents ovulation occurring

Front 22

What is Priapism?

Back 22

persistent and painful erection of the penis.