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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a cognitive process? |
Doing something with your brain, such as thinking, problem solving, remembering, etc. |
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Who was Albert Bandura? |
Developed Social Learning Theory. Which states that children observe and imitate the behavior of models. Their imitations are then rewarded or punished by society, resulting in them being pursued or curtailed. This process has four steps: - Attention: The behavior has to grab our attention. - Retention: The behavior has to be remembered, or it cannot be imitated. - Reproduction: Do we have the ability to imitate or reproduce the behavior? - Motivation: Do we have the desire to imitate the behavior? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? |
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Who was Jerome Bruner? |
Developed Constructivist Theory, which states that learning is an active process where students construct new ideas passed on their past knowledge and understanding.
Believed that teaching should be student focused. Instruction should address four major areas: 1. Student's predisposition for learning. 2. How a body of knowledge can best be organized to make it as easy as possible for students to grasp. 3. The most effective sequence in which to present knowledge to a child. 4. The nature and pacing of rewards and punishments. There are three principles with this theory: 1. Student Readiness: 2. Spiral Organization: Instruction must be organized in a manner making it easy to grasp and to build on itself. 3. Go Beyond The Information Given |
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Who was John Dewey? |
Believed in pragmatism. Which is that students acquired knowledge by hands on learning, not be listening and observing. He called his work The Theory of Inquiry. |
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Who was Jean Piaget? |
Was fascinated by how children develop their ability to think. Believed that children think differently than adults, and were not just less competent at thinking the same way as adults. His theories dealt with children and how they learn and think differently than adults. He believed that children develop and progress through a variety of world views, based on their maturity level, and biological development. He believed that individuals then pushed through these world views, and on to new ones based on experiences and continued growth. His theory had three major parts: 1. Schemas: 2. Adaption Processes: The the processes that allow an individual to transition from one stage to another.
3. Stages of development: - Sensory motor: The main achievement during this stage is object permanence - knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.It requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e. a schema) of the object. - Preoperational able to think about things symbolically. This is the ability to make one thing - a word or an object - stand for something other than itself.Thinking is still egocentric, and the infant has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others. - Concrete operational major turning point in the child's cognitive development, because it marks the beginning of logical or operational thought.This means the child can work things out internally in their head (rather than physically try things out in the real world).Children can conserve number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9). Conservation is the understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes - Formal Operational 11 Years And Up approximately age eleven and lasts into adulthood. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses. Schema: A basic building block of the world. Forms our mental model of how the world works. These blocks contain closely interrelated information about how the world operates and functions. |
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Who was Lev Vygotsky |
A Russian psychologist who died young. Did not finish his work. Believed that culture played a critical role in development. Did not believe that Piaget's universal stages were correct. Instead he believed that each culture developed at a different rate and perhaps different stages. Vygotsky believed that children developed knowledge together with their adult guides and social peers. Where as piaget mostly believed that students learn in predictable stages of development on their own. |
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Who was Lawrence Kohlberg? |
Studied Moral Development using stories that pitted the needs of one person against the needs of another person. Asked children to identify whether the actions of people in these stories were right or wrong. Looked at how children of different ages answered and how they explained their answers. Developed a series of stages that he believed all people must pass through in moral development. - Level 1 Pre-Conventional Morality 0-9 Years Old adults, and how they may reward or punish us for our actions. Child is good to avoid being punished. Believe that if someone is punished, they must have done wrong. - Level 2 Conventional Morality We internalize the morals and values of trusted role models. We however do not question or think about these morals for ourselves. We merely follow them.
- Level 3 Post Conventional Morality Morals based on self-chosen principles, and judgments are based on rights of the individual, and justice. |
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Who was Benjamin Bloom? |
Developed Bloom's Taxonomy. Six levels of learning that build on one another and take students to a deeper level of thought and ability with a concept. 1. Recall 2. Grasp 3. Apply 4. Analyze 5. Synthesis 6. Judge |
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What is Metacognition? |
Metacognition is thinking about one's own thinking. It is understanding one's own thought processes, and what drives oneself to think the way that they do. |
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What is a schema? |
A schema is a block of related knowledge that help to form our world views. We all have many schema that combine to form our understanding of how the world functions and works. |
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What is self-efficacy? |
Developed by Bandura. One's belief in one's self. The confidence that someone has in their own ability to complete a task. |
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What is self-regulation? |
Self-regulation is the ability to monitor and control our own behavior, emotions, or thoughts, altering them in accordance with the demands of the situation. |
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What does "transfer" refer to in education? |
The ability to take information learned in one situation and apply it to another. |
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What is zone of proximal development? |
The gap between what an individual knows, and what they can do with a little additional help from someone more knowledgeable. Developed by Lev Vygotsky. Encourages putting someone more knowledgeable with someone who is close but not quite there, to help them reach their full potential. Such as putting a more capable student with a less capable student. Scaffolding students is heavily built on this theory. The idea is that once students achieve success, the scaffolding can be removed, and students will be able to do it again, without the extra help. |
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What is classical conditioning? |
This is also known as Pavlovian conditioning. It is when a neutral stimuli is paired with a potent stimuli. Such as a bell being paired with food. |
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What is operant conditioning? |
Developed by B.F. Skinner Behaviors that are reinforced are repeated. Behaviors that are not reinforced are extinguished. - Nuetral Operants Do not change behavior. - Reinforcers Can be positive or negative. Increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. - Positive Giving a positive reward. - Negative Removal of a negative thing that the subject did not want to experience. Thus rewarding them by not making them have to do something negative. - Punishers Decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Can also be positive or negative. Reinforcers and punishers must be applied immediately and regularly to be most effective. Punishers are not nearly as effective as reinforcers. They are only temporary in effect, create fear, and create resentment.
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What are the four domains of human development? What are the characteristics of a child in each stage for each domain? |
Cognitive, Physical, Social, Emotional Cognitive Development The preoperational stage, from age 2 to about age 7 The concrete operational stage, from age 7 to 11 The formal operational stage, which begins in adolescence and spans into adulthood. Physical Development Chart to study:http://images.slideplayer.com/13/3761847/slides/slide_12.jpg |
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What is an exceptionality? |
An exceptionality is a deficiency or a gifted area that makes a student exceptional or different from their peers. These can be things that put them behind or ahead of their peers. They require special attention by the teacher, and could require sped services. |
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What does the ADA Americans With Disabilities Act say about students with exceptionalities? |
Students are to have equal access to all learning opportunities. |
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What is 504 Rehabilitation act? |
A law passed in 1973 that allows for the creation of 504 plans. These plans cover students with disabilities that need modifications to remove their barriers to learning. Looks specifically at removing barriers to learning due to the disability. |
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What is Individuals With Disabilities In Education Act? (IDEA) |
Main law for SPED Schools must serve students with disabilities. Students suspected of having disabilities must be evaluated. Gives parents rights and input into their children's education. It is where the term "fape" comes from. Free and Appropriate Education. |
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Who was Edward Thorndike? |
Predated B.F. Skinner in studying operant conditioning. Put cats in puzzle boxes, and fish outside of the puzzle boxes. The cats learned that if they pressed a lever, the puzzle box would open. He then put the cats back into the box successive times, and noted how the cats learned to get out of the boxes by pushing the lever more and more quickly each time. He theorized that any behavior followed by a pleasant consequence would be repeated, while any behavior followed by an unpleasant consequence would not be repeated. He called this the Law of Effect. |
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Who was John Watson? |
Built on the work of Pavlov. Did not believe in the mind. Believed that he could take any infant at random, and make them into any kind of human. He believed that Pavlov's classical conditioning explained every aspect of psychology. Was a jerk, who studied an infant named Albert, and conditioned him to be afraid of rats, by associated the rat with a loud noise. He found that baby Albert also became afraid of things that looked like the Rat, including other stuffed animals, a family coat, etc. He had a great impact on the beginnings of Behaviorism. |
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Who was Abraham Maslow? |
Maslow looked at what motivates people, and developed a hierarchy of needs. The bottom levels must be met before higher levels can be considered or addressed by an individual. |
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Who was Erik Erickson? |
Built on the work of Freud. Proposed a series of 8 stages of development, each ending with a phycosocial crisis. |
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What is attribution? |
It is how people explain the behaviors of themselves and others by attributing their actions to explanations. ie, they are angry because they are an angry person in general. they are angry because someone did something to them, and their anger is justified. |
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What is extrinsic motivation? What is intrinsic Motivation? |
Extrinsic motivation is given by an outside person or force. Such as a reward given by a teacher or adult. Intrinsic motivation comes from within a person. The person enjoys the activity and motivates themselves to do it. Intrinsic motivation is far more powerful than extrinsic. |
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What is cognitive dissonance? |
Developed by Leon Festinger. It is important to our psyche that all our beliefs be in tune with each other. When a cognitive dissonance exists, we seek to bring them back into harmony with each other by changing one or the other. |
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What is Reciprocal Determinism? |
Created by Albert Bandura Three factors that affect each other: Environment, Behavior, Thought. These three factors influence and affect each other. The environment affects the behavior of the individual, who affects the environment. The environment affects thought, which affects the environment. Thought affects behavior, which affects thought, and so on. |
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What is Vicarious Learning? |
Developed by Albert Bandura Learning through means other than direct experience. Such as by watching a video, or hearing about the experiences of others, or reading, etc. |
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What is constructivism? |
WE are active participants in building our own knowledge. We are constantly having new experiences, learning new information, comparing it to our existing understanding of the world, and fitting the new information in. Sometimes we alter our old beliefs, and sometimes we reject the new information. Students need to actively engage in learning, and then have time to reflect on their experiences. |
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What is scaffolding? |
Developed by Jerome Bruner Teachers model how to solve a problem. Provide supports as needed. Then allow student to solve the problem without supports once they no longer need them. |
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What is scope and sequence? |
Scope is all the content that is to be taught. Sequence is the order that it will be taught in. |
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What is a thematic unit? |
Thematic units integrate several learning disciplines around a single theme. Example: Math, Language Arts, Science, and History may all teach around the theme of Transportation, with each group subject tying a series of lessons to this broader theme. |
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What is deductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning? |
Deductive Reasoning: You start with a premise. Then prove whether or not it is true. You draw conclusions based on that premise. example: Harold is a man. Harold is mortal. You start at the premise, and work your way out. In other words, you start from broad, and work you way towards narrow conclusions. Inductive Reasoning: Inductive reasoning is the opposite. It starts from narrow, and works its way out to broad conclusions. An old man I saw recently was bald. Another old man was bald. Lots of older men i have seen are bald. All old men are bald. The conclusions are not always right. The data helps us understand the world, but may not always lead to correct conclusions. More data refines the conclusions, and makes them more accurate. |
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What is experiential learning? |
Students learn by doing, and by reflecting on the results of their efforts. |
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What are the instructional strategies for direct instruction? |
Explicit teaching, drilling and practice, lecture, demonstrations, guides for reading, listening, viewing |
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What are the instructional strategies for indirect instruction? |
Problem solving, inquiry, case studies, concept mapping, reading for meaning |
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What are the instructional strategies for independent instruction? |
learning contracts, research projects, learning centers, computer and distance learning |
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What are the instructional strategies for experiential instruction? |
Field trips, experiments, simulations, role play, games, observations |
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What are the instructional strategies for interactive instruction? |
Brainstorming, cooperative learning groups, interviews, discussions, peer practice, debates |
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What is cooperative Learning? What is collaborative Learning? |
Cooperative Learning: Focuses on the topic being studied as well as on the social needs of the group members, and on their ability to work together in a group. Much more teacher organized and teacher structured. Teacher defines roles, and everyone pulls their weight. Collaborative Learning: Groups work together to learn more about a topic, or to complete a project. The focus is more on the topic or project than on the social interactions. |
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What is heterogeneous grouping? What is homogeneous grouping? |
Heterogeneous Grouping: Students are grouped together across all learning levels, genders, ELL levels, etc. The groups contain students of a variety of abilities and backgrounds. This is the recommended default grouping, but not the only valid method of grouping. Homogeneous Grouping: Students are grouped together by ability, so that all the highest performers are in one group, all the mid-level kids are in another, and the lowest level students are also grouped together. Allowing the teacher to focus on individual student needs across that same level. |
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What is wait time? |
Waiting 5 seconds after asking a question, before calling on someone to answer it, so that students have time to process. |
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What is a formal assessment? What is an informal assessment? |
Formal Assessment: Standardized tests, where data can be used to evaluate how a student did compared to peers. Informal Assessment: Test given where data is not available to compare student to peers. It is just a quick way to assess how a student did on a particular task. Usually not used for grading. |
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What is a formative test? |
A test given to inform the teacher where the student is during instruction. It can take many forms, from a quiz, to a project, to an interview, to an answer to a question asked to the entire class. Teacher uses the result to inform and adjust instruction. |
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What is a summative test? |
Used by teacher to determine how student did at the end of a unit of study. It is the final assessment for that student on that unit. Not used to inform instruction, but to grade a student. |
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What is a diagnostic Assessment? |
It is a pre-test. It informs the teacher what students already know before a unit is taught. |
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What is a rubric? |
A set of criteria used to grade a project or assignment. Listed on a grid. Establishes the grading criteria for the project. |
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What is an analytical checklist? |
A grading checklist of things that have to be completed, in order to get a certain grade on an assignment or project. |
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What is a scoring guide? |
A variety of tools, including rubrics, checklists, etc that give specific instructions on how to evaluate and score student work. |
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What is a continuum? |
Student learning takes place across a continuum. Tools must be used to evaluate student learning over time. |
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What is self-assessment? |
Students evaluate their own work. Very effective means of getting students to improve. |
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What is peer-assessment? |
Peers evaluate each other's work. |
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What are the different kinds of standardized tests? |
Achievement, Aptitude, Ability Aptitude: Achievement: The amount of success that someone has had in achieving the stated goal. ie they may have the talent (aptitude) but have they actually achieved anything? Ability: Tests a student's ability with a certain learning goal. |
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What is norm referenced scoring of a test? |
Norm referencing tries to find out how a student compares to other students. It creates a bell curve. Scores are reported as stanines, or as percentiles, showing how the student compares to other students. |
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What is criterion referenced grading |
Students are not compared to other students, but instead to a set of criteria that they are expected to be able to demonstrate. There score is not reflected or altered by the scores of other students. It is usually reported as a percentage. |
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What is assessment validity? |
How accurately the test measures what it is intended to measure. example: If you step on a scale, and it says you weigh 150 pounds, but you really weigh 135, then it does not accurately measure weight, and it is not valid. Many tests are not valid, for a number of reasons. Including test bias, a student's inability to read, cultural differences between the teacher and the student, so that the student does not understand the questions, etc. |
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What is assessment reliability? |
The assessment must give the same result each time it is administered. Example: If you weigh yourself once and it says that you way 135 lbs, but then you weigh yourself a second time and it says you weigh 150 lbs, then it is not reliable. Tests must give them same result whether they are given in the morning, or afternoon, or across different settings, cultures, etc. |
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What is a raw score for an assessment? |
It is the number of points that a student earned on an assessment. |
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What is a scaled score on an assessment? |
From year to year, standardized tests are not always equally difficult. One year they might be easier and another year they may be more difficult. A scale score is an adjusted score to account for this, and to bring each year's test into parity with one another. The raw scores are adjusted up or down to account for the difficulty of the test as compared to previous year's tests. |
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What is a percentile? |
All test takers are broken into 99 equal sized groups. It tells you exactly how a student's score compared to everyone else who took a test. |
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What is a standard divination? |
A mathematical construct that takes into account how far various scores are from the average (the mean). Once calculated the standard deviation can tell us how many standard deviations a student is from the average score. ie, a student is 1,2, or 3, or whatever standard deviations from the average. The following is highly unlikly to show up on the test. I include it only to give additional context. It is calculated by first calculating the average. Then calculating the variance of each student from the average, squaring their variance, and then averaging those out. Finally you have to find the square root of the average variance to come up with a standard deviation. |
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What is a mean score? |
It is the average. You add all the scores, and divide by the total number of test takers. |
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What is the mode score? |
Mode refers to the score that occurs most frequently. |
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What is the median score? |
Median is simply the score that separates the top half from the bottom half. Put all the scores in numerical order, and find the score that is in the middle. |
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What is a grade equivalent score? |
Scores that show where a student is compared to other students of various grade levels. The number is given as a decimal. ie 7.1 The first number represents the grade, and the second number (after the decimal point) represents the month of school. 7.1 means that the student's score shows that they are at a level comparable to a seventh grade student who has completed one full month of that grade. ie October. 8.2 would refer to the level of an 8th grade student in November, and so on. |
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What is an age equivalent score? |
Age equivalent scores show how a student compares to other students of various ages. The score is given as an age. ie if the student scores a 13, then they compare to 13 year olds on that test. If they score an 8 then they compare to 8 year olds who took the test. |
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What is holistic scoring? |
A paper, project, essay, etc is graded as a whole, rather than receiving individuals scores based on various criteria. The entire assignment or assessment is read or examined in its entirety and graded after taking the entire work into consideration. |
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What is analytical scoring? |
Analytical rubrics break each criteria down into specifically and independently scored pieces. A score is given for individual parts, and then these parts are all summed for a final score. |
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How does the first amendment affect education? |
Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, right to assemble. |
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What does FAPE stand for? |
Free And Appropriate Education. |
