Posc 339 Final

Front 1

All airlines that fly within the United States must be U.S.-owned. This is an example of a

Back 1

nontarrif regulatory barrier.

Front 2

In many ways, the economic downturn of the past decade has raised questions about the practicality of

Back 2

liberalism, as many of its core policies are considered directly responsible for the global crisis.

Front 3

Those who are against having the state regulate trade may argue that opening trade would

Back 3

keep the cost of goods low.

Front 4

________ seeks to replace the free market with a centrally planned economy and an extensive welfare

Back 4

Communism

Front 5

Some social democracies may use ________, which is a system of policy making in which a limited number of organizations representing business and labor work with the state to help set economic policy.

Back 5

neocorporatism

Front 6

The main responsibility of a state’s central bank is to

Back 6

control the state’s flow of money and sets interest rates.

Front 7

This political economic system has effectively vanished in the modern world.

Back 7

communism

Front 8

Those who support the political-economic system of liberalism would argue that the state should

Back 8

secure property rights and promote other (limited) policies that support the free market.

Front 9

A country’s ________ measures its economic inequality.

Back 9

Gini index

Front 10

The countries of Latin America have historically struggled with high rates of poverty, inequality, and economic and political stability. However, over the past 20 years, poverty and inequality began to decline across the region (with a few exceptions). What is behind this recent turnaround?

Back 10

Many countries have successfully combined social democratic policies (such as cash transfers) with economic liberalism (opening domestic markets to trade).

Front 11

If we compare social expenditures more broadly, we find that in many countries, the primary beneficiaries of social expenditures are the

Back 11

middle class.

Front 12

Which of the following countries is an example of a modern mercantilist state?

Back 12

Japan

Front 13

What is the danger of deflation?

Back 13

Businesses are unable to make a profit, leading to unemployment and a reduction in spending.

Front 14

Which of these traits is typical of a mercantilist political economic system?

Back 14

state-owned or parastatal industries

Front 15

Hyperinflation is defined as inflation that is more than ________ a month for more than two months in a row.

Back 15

50 percent

Front 16

The United States is best classified as being under which political economic system?

Back 16

liberalism

Front 17

What does a country’s purchasing power parity (PPP) seek to measure?

Back 17

the buying power of income when compared to other countries

Front 18

________ are the interaction between the forces of supply and demand.

Back 18

Markets

Front 19

________, a statistic created by the UN Development Program, seeks to measure the overall well-being of a country’s people.

Back 19

The Human Development Index (HDI)

Front 20

These are benefits, provided or secured by the state, available to society and indivisible (meaning no private person or organization can own them).

Back 20

public goods

Front 21

Across the developing world, states lack both capacity and autonomy, leading to increased political and economic instability. When states are weak, the only political institution that tends to be strong

Back 21

is the military.

Front 22

Countries like Brazil and South Africa, which have undergone rapid development and democratization over the past few decades, are best classified as

Back 22

middle-income countries.

Front 23

Despite their differences, a common feature shared by many newly industrializing and less-developed countries is

Back 23

a history of imperialism and colonialism.

Front 24

Empires were administered under which political-economic system?

Back 24

mercantilism

Front 25

European imperialism was driven primarily by

Back 25

economic and religious motives.

Front 26

In many developing countries, ________ make up a large proportion of the informal economy.

Back 26

women

Front 27

In some developing countries, gender favoritism has turned deadly, with selective abortion, infanticide, and neglect resulting in the loss of hundreds of thousands of girls each year. Scholars worry that this gender imbalance may result in

Back 27

an increase in violent conflict and crime.

Front 28

Many less-developed countries lack state capacity, and are unable to perform the basic task expected of the public. A primary reason why this problem exists is because after independence,

Back 28

most imperial bureaucrats left, leaving few experienced bureaucrats running these countries.

Front 29

The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have often required developing countries to implement structural adjustment programs in exchange for their financial assistance. Under structural adjustment, a state would typically have to

Back 29

encourage foreign investment.

Front 30

The best way to describe the impact imperialism had on gender identities was that colonialism

Back 30

had a mixed impact; each region and each imperial power treated gender somewhat differently.

Front 31

The goal of ________, which is used by some newly industrializing and less-developed countries, is to create goods that can be sold to other countries.

Back 31

export-oriented industrialization

Front 32

The main difference between colonialism and imperialism is that colonialism

Back 32

involves a greater degree of physical occupation of a foreign territory using military force, businesses, or settlers.

Front 33

The main reason colonial powers created a national language in their territory was that it

Back 33

allowed them to better consolidate state power and govern territories.

Front 34

To help meet the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, 14 Millennium Villages were created in sub-Saharan Africa. These villages were given considerable aid in policies ranging from crop production to the distribution of bed nets. What has been the result of this $120 million project?

Back 34

We do not know; we lack data comparing these communities to communities that are not Millennium Villages, which makes it impossible to assess the impact of these programs.

Front 35

To help strengthen the rule of law, some scholars and activists would like developing countries to institute judicial reform, create stronger constitutional courts, and increase oversight and independent review over the

Back 35

police and civil service.

Front 36

Under imperialism, a major economic transformation that occurred was that

Back 36

economies were shifted from barter systems to cash economies.

Front 37

When comparing social identities, ________ was a foreign concept to colonial peoples, as most classified themselves using other identities prior to imperial control.

Back 37

ethnicity

Front 38

When did most colonies in Latin America gain their independence?

Back 38

In the early 1800s, when the Napoleonic Wars created uncertainty and turmoil.

Front 39

Which of the following policies do we associate with import substitution?

Back 39

Patents and intellectual property rights were weakened to tap into foreign innovation.

Front 40

Why has ethnicity been so problematic in many developing countries?

Back 40

Ethnic and religious differences tend to align upon economic and political inequalities, often creating resentment and even conflict.

Front 41

________ explanations argue that violence is more common in societies where more people hold radical or reactionary political attitudes.

Back 41

Ideational

Front 42

A scholar who seeks to explain political violence using an institutional approach may argue that violence is caused by

Back 42

electoral and executive systems (like presidentialism) that reduce power sharing and block other forms of political expression.

Front 43

In her landmark work States and Social Revolutions, Theda Skocpol argued that international competition with rival states leads weaker states to seek reform, but these reforms destabilize elite power and sow discord in the public. This fits best with what explanation for political violence?

Back 43

institutional approaches

Front 44

Terrorism and revolution are less likely in democracies. Why is this the case?

Back 44

Democracies have a significant degree of participation, helping to co-opt and diffuse the motivations for violence.

Front 45

A common feature of religiously based political violence is

Back 45

hostility to modernity

Front 46

Political violence is defined as violence that is politically motivated and

Back 46

outside of state control.

Front 47

The main difference between terrorism and guerrilla warfare is that guerrilla warfare

Back 47

targets state actors; terrorism targets civilians.

Front 48

The modern concepts of revolution and terrorism can be first traced back to which important modern event?

Back 48

French Revolution

Front 49

What is nihilism?

Back 49

a belief that all institutions and values are essentially meaningless, and that the only redeeming value is violence

Front 50

A scholar who argues that people are more likely to engage in terrorism if they feel humiliated or ostracized may best fit with ________ explanations of political violence.

Back 50

individual

Front 51

Which of the following is true about terrorists?

Back 51

They are often driven by feelings of injustice coupled with alienation or humiliation.

Front 52

According to political science research, these states have the highest risk of terrorism.

Back 52

illiberal or transitioning states

Front 53

Someone using an individual approach to explaining why the Arab Spring emerged would likely argue that

Back 53

the decision by Mohamed Bouazizi to self-immolate tapped into common frustrations in the region involving the desire for dignity and change.

Front 54

This approach argues that revolutions and other forms of political violence are more likely to occur when the public’s expectations do not match the realities of their current conditions.

Back 54

relative deprivation model

Front 55

Which of the following is a correct comparison between terrorism and guerilla war?

Back 55

Most guerilla groups avoid targeting civilians; terrorist groups tend to engage in more indiscriminate and widespread targeting.

Front 56

In comparing Al Qaeda, the National Alliance, and the 969 Movement, we see that one thing all these groups have in common is that they

Back 56

have recast the world into an existential final showdown between good and evil, or purity and corruption.

Front 57

In studying whether terrorist violence has been successful, we generally find that

Back 57

terrorist activity has undermined economies and contributed to greater social anxiety and political crises.

Front 58

A(n) ________ is a public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime.

Back 58

revolution

Front 59

When we compare institutional, ideational, and individual explanations for violence, we generally find that

Back 59

these three factors are often interconnected, and they work in conjunction with each other.

Front 60

Which of the following is generally true regarding revolutions?

Back 60

They seek to remove the entire regime, not just those who are in power.

Front 61

Which of the following has become one of the more negative consequences of the move toward high-tech, information-based economies?

Back 61

Upward mobility is even more difficult, leading to disruption and inequality.

Front 62

Political scientists prefer not to use the “three worlds” approach to classifying countries because

Back 62

many countries do not neatly fit into these categories.

Front 63

The main underlying cause of Greece’s economic crisis was

Back 63

clientelism and an extensive civil service.

Front 64

Developed democracies vary in how they regulate abortion. This would best be an example of how various countries differ in

Back 64

defining liberty.

Front 65

The welfare state is becoming more expensive for developed democracies, creating many economic challenges. Which major trend, also associated with economic development, is adding to this economic strain?

Back 65

Life expectancy is growing and the birthrate is falling

Front 66

The best way to describe the evolution of the European Union (EU) is that it

Back 66

developed incrementally but is now radically different from its early days.

Front 67

For developed democracies, a major economic transformation has been the development of the welfare state. Supporters of this development would argue that, because of the welfare state,

Back 67

quality of life has greatly improved and extreme poverty has been reduced.

Front 68

Developed democracies are politically diverse, but most of them use which type of political system?

Back 68

proportional representation electoral systems plus a parliamentary system

Front 69

While diversity and multiculturalism are key postmodern values, ________ is a major cross-national trend creating a societal backlash preventing the institutionalization of this value.

Back 69

immigration

Front 70

When comparing modern to postmodern societies, postmodern societies are less

Back 70

materialistic, focusing instead on quality of life issues.

Front 71

Supporters of devolution argue that one major advantage is

Back 71

increased representation, as it may give ethnic minorities more control over local affairs.

Front 72

Among the different goals of the euro, which one has been the most successful?

Back 72

It has come to rival the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency.

Front 73

Which of the following features define a country as being a developed democracy?

Back 73

They are institutionalized democracies with high standards of living.

Front 74

In trying to solve the euro crisis, some analysts suggest that the European Union needs to increase its fiscal integration, giving it more control over the budgets and spending decisions of member states. For skeptics of fiscal integration, what is the main concern?

Back 74

It would lead to more funds moving from wealthier countries to subsidize the poorer countries.

Front 75

When comparing the economics of developing countries, which of the following is a common feature?

Back 75

All emphasize private property and free markets as fundamental institutions.

Front 76

Most developed democracies are postindustrial, meaning that their economies are based on

Back 76

the service sector and high-tech industries.

Front 77

When first created, the primary goal of the European Union was to

Back 77

prevent war

Front 78

The ________ proposes and enforces all EU laws and treaties and manages the EU budget.

Back 78

European Commission

Front 79

While all developed democracies are characterized by their sovereignty, in recent years we have seen a tendency toward

Back 79

greater integration between countries and devolution within countries

Front 80

The European Union’s statelike institutions have gained considerable power over time, so much so that sovereignty can now be said to be shared by the member states. This means the European Union is best classified as a(n)

Back 80

supranational system.