Plant Structure

Front 1

Plant structure: Name the three parts that make up a plant.

Back 1

Roots, stems, and leaves

Front 2

What are the 3 types of tissue

Back 2

1. Epidermal Tissue

2. Ground Tissue

3. Vascular Tissue

Front 3

Epidermal Tissue

Back 3

Protects plant.

+ Leafs have cuticles

a. Root hairs are formed from epidermal cells

b. Modified cells develop into hairs, secretions/glands.

Front 4

Ground Tissue

Back 4

a. Parenchyma

b. Collenchyma

c. Scelrenchyma

Front 5

Paranchyma

Back 5

Most basic

* " typical plant cell"

* used for storage/photosynthesis

* have regular cell walls

Front 6

Collenchyma

Back 6

Irregular thickened cell walls - support

* Protective around new growth

* Celery

* Supportive, but flexible

Front 7

Sclerenchyma

Back 7

Secondary cell wall and sometimes lignin

* mostly dead

* Xylem tissue, nut shells, fibers (hemp)

* 2 types- fibers and sclereids and pear----> gritty and seed coats

Front 8

Vascular Tissue

Back 8

1. Xylem and Phloem

2. Elongated cells for transport

3. Xylem----> dead sclerenchyma cells

a. Trachids and vessel elements (earlier)

- Trachids aren't as "efficient"; are narrow w/ pits

4. Phloem: cells are alive: Sieve tube members (conduct) and companion cells w/ nuclei.

Front 9

The functions of a stem are?

Back 9

1. Anchors and positions leaves

2. Some stems like the stem of a cacti can photosynthesize.

Front 10

The amount of roots are called ___________.

Back 10

Shoots.

Front 11

The cylindrical shape of roots increase ____________ ________ for absorption

Back 11

Surface area

Front 12

Roots _________, absorb, and __________

Back 12

anchor, absorb, and store

Front 13

Eudicot roots are ________ shaped and are typically ______________.

Monocot roots are ____________ and are _________________.

Back 13

1. star-shaped , Taproots

2. Circular, fibrous.

Front 14

What is the growth development of roots from the bottom up?

Back 14

1. Root cap

- made up of dead cells and secretion glands. Aids in movement and protection

2. Apical Meristem

- location of cell division- mitosis

3. Zone of cell elongation

4. zone of maturation: epidermal, ground and vascular

5. Root cross section

- water and mineral movement regulated---> casparian strip: waxy.

Front 15

What are the functions of leaves?

Back 15

A. Photosynthesis

B. Modifications.

C. Structure.

Front 16

What is transpiration

Back 16

The loss of water from plants

Front 17

The two tubes that transport minerals and water

Back 17

Xylem and Phloem

Front 18

Water travels up the phoelm through

Back 18

Cohesion: Hydrogen bonds

-polar bonds

Front 19

Water travels up the xylem through

Back 19

Adhesion: water sticks to the sides of the xylem cells

Front 20

What is transpirational pull and where is it used?

Back 20

The roots and the leaves (stomata)

The physical act of water being drawn in the plant and out.

Front 21

What is water potential

Back 21

Aquaporins help with this

Front 22

These are epidermal pores that are responsible for gas exchange

Back 22

stomata

Front 23

What travels through the phloem

Back 23

Sugares, amino acids, and hormones

Front 24

Sugar is produced where?

Back 24

Leaves (photosynthesis) (chloroplast)

Front 25

1

Back 25

1. Water is needed from the xylem

2. Water is loaded into the phloem

- which is where the minerals are ( less water potential)

3. Osmosis is responsible for this relation

4.

Front 26

True or False. Most water is lost through the leaves during transpiration.

Back 26

True

Front 27

Why does a stem typically contain more sclerenchyma and collenchyma than does a leaf?

Back 27

Because a stem is supposed to be a supportive structure wich the thick lignified cell walls of sclerenchym provide as opposed to the thin ordinary cell walls of collenchyma.

Front 28

How is a leaf structurally adapted for its function

Back 28

The epidermis is coated with a waxy surface known as a cuticle. This reduces water loss. Beneath the epidermis is the mesophyll, which is divided into two subgroups.

a. Palisade mesophyll: houses the cells responsible for photosynthesis.

b. Spongy mesophyll: houses water and gas for photosynthesis

The gaurd cell regulates the exchange of gas by "losing its" grip and opening.

Front 29

How is primary growth different from secondary growth?

Back 29

1. Primary growth produces herbaceous (nonwoody) tissue: Growth in length

2. Secondary growth refers to growth in girth, resulting form nonapical meristems.

Front 30

What is the function of xylem?

Back 30

The transportation of water and minerals

Front 31

What is the function of Phloem

Back 31

The transportation of most organic comp0ounds in the plant, including carbohydrates: Ie sucrose.

Front 32

What is the function of a vascular cambium

Back 32

It is responsible for secondary growth. It produces new phloem towards the outside of the plant and new xylem towards the inside.

Front 33

What is the function of the epidermis

Back 33

To protect the plant from exterior forces.

Front 34

What is a radicle?

Back 34

A young primary root that emerges from a seed

Front 35

Describe a taproot system

Back 35

There is a dominant large root and smaller secondary roots branching from it

Front 36

Describe a fibrous root system

Back 36

Both primary and secondary roots are similar in size

Front 37

Primary growth of roots is formed by ____________ ______________

Back 37

apical meristems

Front 38

Where do Apical meristems occur?

Back 38

At the tips of roots and stems

Front 39

What protects a root and perceives gravity?

Back 39

A root cap

Front 40

True or False: Transport is a one way processes

Back 40

False. It is two ways. Drawing in water from the roots and losing water from the leaves due to evaporation

Front 41

This substance lubricates the soil so that the root can penetrate deeper into the soil

Back 41

Mucilage

Front 42

The ______ _______________ ____________ produces cells that differentiate into primary tissues of the root

Back 42

Root apical meristem

Front 43

Define Plasmolysis

Back 43

Water escaping the plant

Front 44

Explain what root pressure (Guttation) is

Back 44

It occurs in the Xylem: If there is a lack of photosynthetic activity and transpiration, than at night water is pushed out of leaves

- typically occurs in small plants ( strawberries)

Front 45

What is the zone of elongation

Back 45

Cellular expansion in this zone is responsible for pushing the root cap and apical tip forward through the soil.

Front 46

What is the zone of maturation

Back 46

It is where the elongating cells complete their differentiation into the tissues of the primary body. It is easily recognized because of the numerous root hairs that extend into the soil as outgrowths of single epidermal cells. They greatly increase the absorptive surface of roots during the growth period when large amounts of water and nutrients are needed.

Front 47

What is the proper name for the horizontal stems of ferns.

Back 47

Rhizomes

Front 48

Select the plant that is seedless and vascular:

A)anthocerophytes

B)hepaticophytes

C)bryophytes

D)lycophytes

E)nontracheophytes

Back 48

Lycophytes

Front 49

What is the first member of the gametophyte generation?

Back 49

A spore

Front 50

What is the most important adaptation required by plants to survive on land.

Back 50

Water management and mutation protection

Front 51

True or false: The evolutionary trend in land plants is to reduce the size of the gametophyte and increase the size of the sporophyte.

Back 51

True

Front 52

which plant originated the entire terrestrial plant lineage: from mosses to the flowering plants.

Back 52

One species of freshwater green algae

Front 53

What feature of cell walls in the charophytes allows cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent cells?

Back 53

plasmodesmata

Front 54

Which stage is the most dominant in the bryophyte life cycle?

Back 54

gametophyte

Front 55

Select the plant for which water is not necessary for fertilization:

A)club mosses

B)ferns

C)horsetails

D)whisk ferns

Back 55

All of the choices require some form of water for fertilizatoin.

Front 56

The proper name for the female gametangia in the moss is _______; and the proper name for the male gametangia is _______.

Back 56

archegonia; antheridia

Front 57

True or false: Fungi and early land plants cohabitated, and the fungi formed close associations with the plants that enhanced water uptake.

Back 57

True

Front 58

Where are mosses rarely found in abundance?

Back 58

in high air pollution areas

Front 59

Name the plant that produces sporophytes with stomata for gas exchange, is photosynthetic and provides much of the energy needed for growth and reproduction.

Back 59

hornworts

Front 60

One type of vascular tissue, _________, conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots; another type of vascular tissue, ________, conducts sucrose and hormones throughout the plant.

Back 60

xylem; phloem

Front 61

Name the plant that has nor roots or leaves.

Back 61

whisk fern

Front 62

True or False: Fruits co-evolved with seeds in gymnosperms.

Back 62

False, I don't know why, the book just said so.

Front 63

True or False: Diploid cells are found in the leaf structures of mosses.

Back 63

False, the moss is entirely haploid because wile it has leaves it is in it's gametophitic stage.

Front 64

What was the extinct "bridging" group of plants which connected seedless vascular plants from those with seeds?

Back 64

Gymnosperms

Front 65

What process creates spores during the haplodiplontic life cycle

Back 65

Meiosis

Front 66

In the generalized multicellular plant life cycle, name the process that begins with a haploid generation and ends with a diploid one.

Back 66

Fertilizatoin

Front 67

Gymnosperms were the first group of plants to...

Back 67

1. protect their developing embryos in nutrient-containing seeds

2. Make the evolutionary transition from swimming sperm to pollen-enclosed sperm.

Front 68

Explain what a strobili is.

Back 68

exposed seed borne scale-like structure; also known as cones

Front 69

True or False: Gymnosperms are Homosporous

Back 69

False: They are heterosporous.

Front 70

What are pollen grains?

Back 70

Male gametophytes.

Front 71

Where are microspores and megaspores made?

Back 71

Microspores: in male cones

Megaspores: in female cones

Front 72

True or False: Gymnosperms require water to fertilize

Back 72

False: They require wind to fertilize

Front 73

Phylum Cycadophyta

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 73

1. Have unbranched trunks and large, closely packed leaves that are evergreen and tough

2. Sperm of cycads are flagellated

Front 74

Phylum Ginkgophyta

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 74

1. Consists of one species: Ginkgo biloba ( Maidenhair tree)

2. Large Dioecious tree that does not bear cones

3. Hardy plants in urban environments and tolerate insects, fungi, and pollutants

4. Males are usually planted because females produce fleshy, smelly, and messy fruit that superficially resemble cherry

Front 75

Phylum Coniferophyta

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 75

1. Large group of cone-bearing plants

2. Cones they bear are reproductive structures of the sporophyte generation that consist of several scalelike sporophylls arranged about a central axis

3. Sporophylls are modified leaves for reproduction

Front 76

Phylum Gnetophyta

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 76

1. Have many similarities with angiosperms such as flowerlike compound strobili, vessels in the secondary xylem, loss of archegonia , and double fertilization.

2. Welwitschia is the primary species that is shown in the book/lab

Front 77

What is a megasporophyll? What makes it?

Back 77

Sporophylls of a female cone

The megasporangia makes them

Front 78

What is a microsporophyll? What makes it?

Back 78

Sporophylls of a male cone

The microsporangium makes them

Front 79

True or False: Male cones are larger than their female counterparts

Back 79

False: Female cones are larger than their male counterparts.

Front 80

What is the sporophyte of a pinus?

Back 80

the tree

Front 81

Are needles leaves?

Back 81

Yes

Front 82

True or False: Male cones usually form on the lower branches of pine trees, and female cones usually form on the upper branches

Back 82

True

Front 83

What is a staminate?

Back 83

A male cone

Front 84

What is an ovulate

Back 84

A female cone

Front 85

Microspores are developed through what process?

Back 85

Meiosis

Front 86

Through mitotic division, microspores will eventually become what?

Back 86

Pollen grains, also known as : microgametophytes

Front 87

Microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to produce what?

Back 87

Microspores

Front 88

How are microspore mother cells made?

Back 88

Each scale (microsporophyll) of the male cone bears a microsporangium, which produces the diploid microspore mother cell

Front 89

True or False: Ovuliferous scales are analogous to microsporophylls of staminate cones

Back 89

True

Front 90

How is a megaspore-mother-cell made

Back 90

Each ovuliferous scale of the female cone bears two megasporangia. Each produces a diploid megaspore mother cell.

Front 91

Name some evolutionary advantages of reproducing by means of seeds.

Back 91

A seed permits a small but multicellular sporophyte to remain dormant until conditions are favorable for continued growth. While dormant, the young sporophyte is protected by a seed coat and is surrounded by a food supply

Front 92

Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 92

1. Primarily homosporous vascular plants

2. Sperm Motile

3. External water necessary for fertilization

4. Leaves are megaphylls uncoil as they mature

5. Sporophytes and virtually all gametophytes photosynthetic

Front 93

Phylum Pterophyta: Horsetails

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 93

1. Homosporous vascular plants

2. Motile sperm

3. External water is necessary for fertilization

4. Stem are ribbed, jointed, either

photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic.

5. Leaves are scalelike, in whorls, nonphotosynthetic at maturity

6. ONE GENUS

Front 94

Phylum Pterophyta: Whisk ferns

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 94

1. Homosporous vascular plants.

2. Motile sperm

3. External water is necessary for fertilization

4. No differentiation between root and shoot

5. NO leaves; one of the two genera has scalelike enations and the other leaflike appendages

Front 95

Phylum Lycophyta: Club mosses

List some of its notable characteristics.

Back 95

1. Either homosporous or heterosporous vascular plants

2. Motile sperm

3. External water is necessary for fertilization

4. Leaves are microphylls

5. About 12-13 Genera

Front 96

During frontier times it was used to clean pots and pans, sand wooden floors, and scour plowshares

Back 96

Horsetails

Front 97

True or False: Equisitum is a type of horsetail.

Back 97

True , this is also known as (scouring rush)

Front 98

True or False: Ferns have seeds

Back 98

False

Front 99

True or False: Equistum have seeds

Back 99

False

Front 100

True or False: Gymnosperms lack seeds

Back 100

True

Front 101

True or False: Gymnosperms are cycads

Back 101

True

Front 102

1

Back 102

1