Biology 4.1 Plant Structure

Front 1

tonoplast

Back 1

液泡

Front 2

sap vacuole

Back 2

汁液液泡

Front 3

cell wall

Back 3

tough outer layer around plant cells made up mainly of cellulose

Hint 3

细胞壁

Front 4

cellulose

Back 4

complex carbohydrate which is a major component of plant cell walls

Hint 4

纤维素

Front 5

isomer

Back 5

one of two or more compounds made up of the same atoms arranged differently

Hint 5

同分异构体

Front 6

hydrogen bond

Back 6

the weak electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged dipoles of different molecules

Hint 6

氢键

Front 7

cross-linking

Back 7

intermolecular bonds which hold cellulose chains together

Hint 7

交联

Front 8

microfibril

Back 8

a group of 10-100000 cellulose molecules

Hint 8

维纤丝

Front 9

matrix

Back 9

surrounding substance

Hint 9

矩阵

Front 10

hemicelluloses

Back 10

半纤维素

Front 11

mannose

Back 11

甘露糖

Front 12

xylose

Back 12

木糖

Front 13

arabinose

Back 13

阿拉伯糖

Front 14

composite material

Back 14

material made up of a combination of two or more substances which all contribute to the properties of the final composite

Hint 14

复合材料

Front 15

turgid

Back 15

swollen, firm, used to describe plant cells that are fully hydrated

Hint 15

肿胀

Front 16

flaccid

Back 16

floppy

Hint 16

松弛

Front 17

suberin

Back 17

waxy, waterproof compound

Hint 17

木栓脂

Front 18

lignin

Back 18

organic compound that binds to cellulose fibres and makes them hard and strong

Hint 18

木质素

Front 19

middle lamella

Back 19

first layer of the plant cell wall to be formed during cell division

Hint 19

中间层

Front 20

pectin

Back 20

a glue-like polysaccharide

Hint 20

果胶

Front 21

primary cell wall

Back 21

flexible plant cell walls with cellulose microfibrils orientated in same direction

Hint 21

原生壁

Front 22

secondary cell wall

Back 22

inflexible, rigid plant cell wall built up as cellulose microfibrils are laid densely at different angles to each other

Hint 22

次生壁

Front 23

perennials

Back 23

多年生植物

Front 24

plant fibre

Back 24

long plant cells with heavily lignified cell walls

Hint 24

植物纤维

Front 25

plasmodesmata

Back 25

sites of intercellular exchanges through cytoplasmic bridges between plant cells

Hint 25

胞间连丝

Front 26

symplast

Back 26

interconnected cytoplasm between plant cells

Hint 26

共质体

Front 27

tonoplast

Back 27

the membrane surrounding plant vacuoles which controls the movement of substances into and out of the vacuole

Hint 27

液泡

Front 28

cell sap

Back 28

contents of vacuole in plant cells

Hint 28

细胞液

Front 29

chloroplast

Back 29

organelle in some plant cells which contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis

Hint 29

叶绿体

Front 30

thylakoid

Back 30

类囊体

Front 31

granum

Back 31

基粒

Front 32

stroma

Back 32

基质

Front 33

lipid droplet

Back 33

脂滴

Front 34

palisade mesophyll

Back 34

叶肉栅栏

Front 35

xylem vessel

Back 35

木质部导管

Front 36

phloem sleve tube

Back 36

韧皮部导管

Front 37

phloem companion cell

Back 37

韧皮部伴胞

Front 38

waxy cuticle

Back 38

蜡质角质层

Front 39

stoma

Back 39

气孔

Front 40

spongy mesophyll

Back 40

叶肉海绵

Front 41

biconvex

Back 41

双凸

Front 42

chlorophyll

Back 42

green pigment found in plants which traps energy from sunlight, needed for photosynthesis

Hint 42

叶绿素

Front 43

leucoplast

Back 43

a range of plant organelles

Hint 43

白色体

Front 44

amyloplast

Back 44

plant organelles involved in amylopectin (a form of starch)

Hint 44

淀粉体

Front 45

epidermis

Back 45

outer layer of cells in a plant leaf, outer layers of the skin

Hint 45

表皮

Front 46

cutin

Back 46

a waxy, waterproof polymer which covers the surface of plants

Hint 46

角质

Front 47

parenchyma

Back 47

relatively unspecialised plant tissue

Hint 47

薄壁组织

Front 48

collenchyma

Back 48

supporting tissue in plants

Hint 48

厚角组织

Front 49

sclerenchyma

Back 49

strengthening and supporting tissue found in plants, made up of heavily lignified, thick walled cells

Hint 49

厚壁

Front 50

sclereid

Back 50

a plant cell with thick,lignified walls

Hint 50

石细胞

Front 51

xylem

Back 51

main tissue transporting water from the roots around a plant. the walls of oxylem vessels are heavily lignified, all the older vessels are non-living

Hint 51

木质部

Front 52

phloem

Back 52

living transport tissue in plants that carries dissolved food from the leaves around the plant

Hint 52

韧皮部

Front 53

cambium

Back 53

layer of unspeialised cells which divide, giving rise to more specialised cells that form both the xylem and phloem

Hint 53

形成层

Front 54

protoxylem

Back 54

first xylem tissue to form in a stem or root

Hint 54

初生木质层

Front 55

metaxylem

Back 55

the xylem which develops second, after the protoxylem

Hint 55

后生木质层

Front 56

pit

Back 56

gaps in the cell walls that allow communication between cells

Hint 56

深基坑

Front 57

autoradiography

Back 57

a technique using photographic film to show up radioactively labelled substances in plants and other organisms.

Hint 57

显影

Front 58

scintillation counter

Back 58

闪烁计数器

Front 59

translocation

Back 59

movement of substances around plants

Hint 59

移位

Front 60

transpiration

Back 60

the loss of water vapour from the surface of a plant

Hint 60

蒸腾

Front 61

potometer

Back 61

apparatus used to measure uptake of water by a plant

Hint 61

测量植物吸水的仪器

Front 62

cohesion

Back 62

tendency of water molecules to stick together

Hint 62

凝聚力

Front 63

tensile strength

Back 63

strength to resist pulling forces

Hint 63

拉伸强度

Front 64

adhesion

Back 64

attraction of different molecules

Hint 64

附着力

Front 65

root hair

Back 65

microscopic extensions of the membranes of the outer root cells

Hint 65

根发

Front 66

vacuole pathway

Back 66

pathway through cell vacuoles travelled by water molecules moving down a concentration gradient by osmosis from soil to xylem as part of transpiration stream

Hint 66

液泡途径

Front 67

symplast pathway

Back 67

pathway through cytoplasm travelled by water molecules moving down a concentration gradient by osmosis from soil to xylem as part of transpiration stream

Hint 67

共质体途径

Front 68

symplast

Back 68

interconnected cytoplasm between plant cells

Hint 68

共质体

Front 69

apoplast pathway

Back 69

pathway through cell walls travelled by water molecules from soil to xylem as part of transpiration stream

Hint 69

质外体途径

Front 70

casparian strip

Back 70

waterproof layer of cells in a root containing suberin

Hint 70

凯氏带

Front 71

guttation

Back 71

when water is forced out of leaves in drops as a result of root pressure when transpiration rates are low

Hint 71

吐水

Front 72

root pressure

Back 72

movement of water up the plant from the roots involving active transport

Hint 72

根压力