Physiology (Test 3) Hypothalamus & Pituitary

Front 1

Name some functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 1

Food and water intake, wake/sleep, growth, circadian clock, pituitary gland, temp, reproduction

Front 2

What is an acronym for the nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Back 2

The "AVP" has "SDTS" when it "Pees"

Front 3

Name the nuclei of the hypothalamus? (8)

Back 3

-Arcuate - Ventromedial - Preoptic
-Supraoptic -Dorsomedial
-Tuberomammillary
-Suprachiasmatic -Paraventricular

Front 4

Is Pars Nervosa Anterior or Posterior?

Back 4

Posterior

Front 5

Is Pars Distalis anterior or posterior?

Back 5

Anterior

Front 6

Does the Posterior Pituitary have a glandular or neural relationship with the brain/hypothalmus?

Back 6

-A NEURAL RELATIONSHIP!
-An outcropping of the brain
-Longer communicating nerves

Front 7

Does the Anterior Pituitary have a glandular or neural relationship with the brain/hypothalmus?

Back 7

-A GLANDULAR RELATIONSHIP
-Vascular connection!!
-Short Axons that are connected to the portal system!

Front 8

What do the magnocellular neurons secrete?

Back 8

AVP and Oxytocin (thus posterior pituitary)

Front 9

What do the Parvicullular neurons secrete?

Back 9

-TRH, CRH, Somatostatin, GHRH, GnRH, Dopamine (actually inhibits ant. pit.)
-These hormones enter the portal system and then act on the Ant Pit. causing it to release.

Front 10

What does the anterior pituitary release?

Back 10

-SMaL FLAT PeG
-TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, ACTH
-Mammosomatrophs
-Somatogonadotrophs
-Lactogonadotrophs

Front 11

What does the Posterior pituitary produce?

Back 11

-Oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

Front 12

What nuclei does ADH come form?

Back 12

Supraoptic nuclei

Front 13

What nuclei does Oxytocin come from?

Back 13

Paraventricular nuclei

Front 14

What does ADH do? (4 things)

Back 14

-Increase H2O uptake by Kidney
-Arterial and Venous Constriction
-Stimulate ACTH release
-Stimulate Spermaticord contraction

Front 15

How does it increase water uptake

Back 15

-Increases water uptake by the kidneys via a V2 receptor. This increases synthesis of GS-cAMP which increases insertion of aquaporins into plasma membrane

Front 16

What receptor is used for Arterial and Venous Constriction?

Back 16

V1a

Front 17

What receptor is used for ACTH release?

Back 17

V1b

Front 18

What receptor is used for stimulation of spermaticord contraction?

Back 18

V1

Front 19

Is ADH always being secreted? What needs to happen to cause a noticeable response?

Back 19

Yes, it must pass threshold level.

Front 20

What are 4 things that affect ADH release?

Back 20

-Rapid Changes in Osmolality
-Drinking
-Pregnancy (changes threshold level)
-Aging

Front 21

What is the main factor that causes stimulation of secretion of ADH?

Back 21

-Increase in ECF OSMOLALITY
-Nausea/Vomiting
-Drugs
-Pain

Front 22

What is the main factor that inhibits the secretion of AHD?

Back 22

-Decrease in ECF OSMOLALITY
-Volume increase
-Ethanol

Front 23

What are the teo major problems associated with ADH?

Back 23

-Diabetes insipidus
-SIADH

Front 24

What are the 3 potential problems with D.I.?

Back 24

-Hypothalmic DI
-Nephrogenic DI
-Dipsogenic DI

Front 25

Explain Hypothalmic DI? Causes?

Back 25

-Deficiency in ADH
-Hereditary, head trauma, pregnancy, etc.

Front 26

What is the cause for Hypothalmic DI in pregnancy?

Back 26

-Enhanced mechanisms for degredation of ADH (pathological)

Front 27

Explain Nephrogenic DI?

Back 27

-A renal resistance to ADH ,despite normal levels of ADH
-No/insufficient receptors
-Cause: renal disease or drugs

Front 28

Explain Dipsogenic DI?

Back 28

-Inappropriate water drinking.
-Mental issue

Front 29

What is the most common cause of Hypoosmolality?

Back 29

SIADH

Front 30

What are the common causes of SIADH?

Back 30

-Neoplastic disease
-CNS disorder
-Pulmonary disease
-Drugs (triglycerides, nicotine)
-(AIDS, Senile Atrophy)

Front 31

What is a major function of oxytocin?

Back 31

-Smooth muscle contractor
-Milk Ejection
-Uterine Contractions
-Behavior (intimacy/bonding)
-Ovulation/Ejaculation/Orgasm

Front 32

What is the major mediator of oxytocin?

Back 32

Gq receptor

Front 33

What stimulates oxytocin secretion?

Back 33

-Suckling
-Estradiol
-Fergusson reflex (fetus pressure on uterus)

Front 34

What are the major inhibitors of oxytocin?

Back 34

-Opiods!!
-Catecholamines

Front 35

What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary release?

Back 35

-SMaL FLAT PeG
-TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth Hormone, ACTH
-Mammosomatrophs
-Somatogonadotrophs
-Lactogonadotrophs

Front 36

What (in a general way) is the anterior pituitary needed for?

Back 36

Propagation of species

Front 37

What do Thyrotrophs produce?

Back 37

TSH

Front 38

What do Gonadotrophs produce?

Back 38

FSH, LH

Front 39

What do Lactotrophs (mammotrophs) produce?

Back 39

Prolactin

Front 40

What do somatotrophs produce?

Back 40

Growth hormone

Front 41

What do corticotrophs produce?

Back 41

ACTH

Front 42

Where are the main receptors for Prolactin?

Back 42

Breast and Pituitary

Front 43

What is the function of prolactin?

Back 43

-Lactation
-REproduction
-Lymphocyte growth factor

Front 44

What stimulates prolactin secretion?

Back 44

-Estrogen
-Breast Manipulation
-Sleep
-TRH
-Serotonin

Front 45

What inhibits prolactin?

Back 45

-Dopamine
-PRL
-Somatostatin

Front 46

What happens to Growth Hormone when it binds to cirrculating GH binding proteins?

Back 46

It extends the half life and dampens oscillations

Front 47

Where are the classic GH receptors?

Back 47

Liver, Muscle, and Adipose

Front 48

If you have hypersecretion of GH before the growth plates close?

Back 48

Giantism

Front 49

If you have hyper secretion after the growth plates close?

Back 49

Acromegaly

Front 50

If you have hyposecretion?

Back 50

Dwarfism

Front 51

What is the function of GH?

Back 51

-Mobilization of stored triglycerides
-Stimulation of protein synthesis
-Antagonism of insulin action
-Stim. linear growth! (via IGF-1)

Front 52

What stimulates GH?

Back 52

-GHRH -Ghrelin
-Fasting -TRH
-Hypoglycemia
-Arginine
-Fasting

Front 53

What inhibits GH?

Back 53

-Somatostatin "stasis"
-GH
-Somatomedins
-Hyperglycemia

Front 54

What do Somatostatins inhibit the release of?

Back 54

-GH -PRL
-TSH
-Insulin -GLucagon
-Secretions from enteroENDOCRINE cells

Front 55

What does ACTH regulate?

Back 55

-Central and peripheral secretions
-Circadian Release
-Maintains adrenal gland
-Hypo/hyper secretion

Front 56

What stimulates the secretion of ACTH?

Back 56

-CRH
-Sleep/wake transition
-Stress

Front 57

What inhibits the secretion of ACTH?

Back 57

-Cortisol
-ACTH
-Somatostatin

Front 58

For TSH, LH, and FSH; are the alpha or beta chains identical?

Back 58

The alpha chains are identical and the beta chains are all unique!

Front 59

What does Thyroid Hormone do to TSH?

Back 59

It inhibits the transcription of mRNA for both alpha and beta chains, and expression of the TRH receptor

Front 60

What does THR stimulate transcription of?

Back 60

The mRNA for both alpha and beta chains

Front 61

Is TSH release pulsatile?

Back 61

Yes; long halflife and minimizes changes in circulation

Front 62

What stimulates the secretion of TSH?

Back 62

-TRH
-Exposure to cold
-Leptin

Front 63

What inhibits the secretion of TSH?

Back 63

-T4/T5
-Fasting
-Somatostatin
-Dopamine
-Cortisol
-GH!!!

Front 64

Release of GnRH has selective effects on what?

Back 64

FSH and LH (It effects post transcription and secretion patterns via gprotein coupled receptors)

Front 65

What is the main target of Gonadotropins?

Back 65

Gonads