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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following is not true about the moon?
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It has an atmosphere much like the Earth
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What heavenly object is the source of all energy in the Solar System?
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The Sun
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What is the Astronomical Unit (AU)?
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It is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun
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What keeps the objects in the Solar System together?
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Sun's Gravity
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Which of the following correctly give the Earth's cosmic address?
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Earth, Solar System, MilkyWay Galaxy, Local Group, Local Super Cluster
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Which one has the correct order in levels of biological organization from the smallest to the largest
scales? |
Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population
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What is the speed of light?
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300,000 (km/s)
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Light from distant objects seem …
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very dim because brightness decreases as the square of the distance from the source increases
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What happens to the brightness of a light source if we double its distance from us?
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It will decrease by ¼
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The number of … in a nucleus determines what element a substance is.
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Proton
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When an electron drops from its orbital to a lower one, …
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A photon with the same orbital energy difference is emitted.
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The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, …
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The lower the wavelength
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Red light has … frequency, … energy and … Wavelength than Blue light.
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lower, lower, higher
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Which of the following choices is sorted in order of increasing energy?
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Radio- Microwave- IR- VIS- UV- Xray
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Which physical quantity describes how fast atoms bounce around in an object?
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Temperature
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A cloud of cool-low-density gas in front of a hot source of thermal radiation produces a/an ...
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Absorption-line spectrum
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All distant galaxies are moving away from us. What does this observational fact tell us about the
light of far away galaxies? |
The light gets redshifted.
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The amount of energy radiated per second from each square meter of a thermal radiator object
strongly depends on...(Remember the Stephan-Boltzmann law) |
The temperature of the object.
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A piece of hot steel bar emits:
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Thermal(blackbody) radiation.
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What happens when we heat up an object?
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It starts to emit thermal radiation more strongly at shorter wavelengths.
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According to Bohr's atomic model, what happens when an electron falls from an upper energy
level to a lower energy level? |
It emits some energy in forms of photons with energies equal to the energy
difference of levels. |
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Heat of vaporization and heat capacity of water is relatively high. This property of water is
mostly associated with? |
Hydrogen bonding among water molecules.
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Why are metals very good heat and electricity conductors?
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Because outer electrons of metallic atoms can move easily and freely in the lattice of
atoms. |
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Which quantity determines the chemical properties of atoms?
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Valence electrons(the outer electrons).
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Why does water play an important role in supporting life?
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a. Because of heat properties of water, it allows organisms to keep internal temperatures and
cools bodies of organisms off when needed. b. Cohesion and adhesion of water helps in water transport in plant as well as blood flow in vessels. c. Since ice is less dense than water, it acts as an insulator on top of water which helps in supporting marine life. |
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In ... bonds, one or more electrons are drawn into space between the two atomic nuclei and are
shared between them. |
Covalent
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What are the main chemical bonds in atoms?
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covalent, metallic, ionic
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What is the main difference between isotopes of a chemical element?
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Number of neutrons
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How does the density of water change as one decreases the temperature from 100°C to 0°C?
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It first increases from 100°C to 4°C and then decreases from 4°C to 0°C.
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What are the main states of matter?
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Solid, liquid, gas.
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Approximately how long ago did the Universe form?
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13.6 billion years ago
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What does Hubble law say?
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Objects in the Universe are moving away from one another. The larger distance
between the objects the faster they will be moving away from each other |
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Galaxy A is at a distance of 1 billion light year and galaxy B at a distance of 5 billion light years
away from the Milky Way galaxy. Which of the following statements is true |
Both galaxies A and B are moving away from us but with galaxy B moving faster
than A |
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The inverse of the Hubble's constant (1/H) gives us a rough estimate of which of the following
parameter(s)? |
Age of the Universe
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What is the cosmic horizon?
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It is the boundary beyond which we cannot see into the Universe dictated by the
speed of light |
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What is the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation (CMB)?
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It is the spectrum of the radiation left from the Big Bang at a temperature of about 3
Kelvin |
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Which of the following cases give us an ever expanding Universe in terms of the total energy
content of the Universe? (total energy is the sum of the negative gravitational binding energy and positive energy of expansion) |
Total energy of greater or equal to zero
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Which of the following is the resolution to the Olber's paradox?
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That we cannot see infinitely far away into the Universe
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What is the geometry of space based on recent measurements?
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Nearly Flat
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What happens if the density of the Universe becomes larger than the critical density?
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The Universe will recollapse.
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What resists the expansion force of dark energy?
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Gravity
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Supernovae Type IA data are used to show that...
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The expansion rate is increasing with time.
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Which one is correct about the energy budget in the universe?
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70 percent dark energy, 26.5 percent dark matter, 3.5 percent Ordinary matter
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The distance between the Milky Way and Andromeda
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will decrease
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What are the fundamental forces of nature?
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Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong nuclear force and Weak nuclear force.
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When did the gravitational force become separate from other forces of nature?
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At the end of Planck era.
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The early universe underwent a period of very rapid expansion, expanded from the size
of a proton to the size of a basketball. This expansion is called...? |
Inflation
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The CMB originates from the time when matter decoupled from radiation (photons) and
stable…. formed? |
Atoms
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The initial matter perturbations which grew with time and later formed galaxies and
clusters of galaxies are observationally imprinted in the …? |
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation.
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How do the temperature and matter density of the Universe change with time?
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They both decrease with time.
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Which statement is correct about the big bang theory?
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a. It predicts that about 75% of the mass of the baryonic matter ended up in
Hydrogen, with about 25% in He. b. It predicts that about 380,000 years after the big bang, radiation decoupled from matter and this radiation is now observed as the CMB with a current temperature of about 3 Kelvin. c. It predicts that temperature drops as the Universe expands. d. All of the above. |
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Which of the following is true about halo stars?
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They are older than the stars in the disk
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Where do stars mostly form?
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In cold molecular gases
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of the elliptical galaxies?
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They have no particular shape
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What type of galaxy does the Milky Way belong to?
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It is a barred spiral galaxy
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What is the Hubble’s tuning fork?
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It is a tuning fork shaped diagram into which galaxies are organized
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How do the spiral galaxies properties change as we go from the “Sa” to the “Sd” in the
galaxy classification? |
They will have less tightly wound arms and a smaller central bulge
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14. Which of the following is correct about the irregular galaxies?
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a. They have many hot, young stars
b. They have spiral arms c. They have large amounts of interstellar matter d. Both A and |
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Largest galaxies in rich clusters reside close to the …
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cluster's center
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In rich clusters most galaxies are in the form of … and …
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Elliptical, S0
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In poor clusters most galaxies are in the form of … and …
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Irregular, Spiral
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Which statement is NOT true about rich clusters of galaxies?
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Rich clusters have a ragged, irregular appearance
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What seems to be playing an important role in keeping galaxy clusters together, is
the … |
Dark Matter
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The Metallicity (Fraction of heavy elements) of the Inter Galactic Medium is
usually … the Interstellar Medium. |
Less than
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What process forms new elements in stars?
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Fusion
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What will finally happen to the Sun?
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It gradually ejects its outer layers to later form a planetary nebula
and its leftover core turns into a white dwarf. |
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What is the maximum mass that a stable white dwarf star can have (The
Chandrasekhar mass limit)? |
1.4 times the mass of the Sun.
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What is the main source of energy in the Sun?
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Nuclear fusion in the core.
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How do very massive stars die eventually?
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They explode in a supernova explosion and leave a neutron star or a
black hole behind. |
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What is the heaviest nucleus that can be formed in the core of very massive stars?
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Iron.
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Very heavy elements such as uranium, gold and mercury are formed in …?
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Supernova explosions.
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Astronomers use supernovae type Ia to directly measure …?
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Distance to faraway galaxies .
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Which of the following describe the early stages in the formation of stars in the right order?
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Cold molecular gas, Gravitational collapse, formation of disk, protostar phase
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Why is it difficult to find protostars using optical telescopes?
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Because protostars are shrouded by gas and dust
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What is the force that the resists the inward pull of gravity during the formation of a star?
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Gas pressure
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What is the composition of the gas between stars?
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98% Hydrogen and Helium and 2% heavier elements
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Why don't we have any star less massive than 0.08 times the mass of the Sun?
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Because their cores never reach hydrogen fusion temperatures
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What is the Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram?
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It is a plot of luminosity versus temperature where stars are located
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1. What is the definition of half-life for materials that undergo radioactive decay?
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It is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a given sample of the material to decay
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What is radioactive dating used for?
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To measure the age of material
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Which of the following should be among the predictions of any model of the solar system’s formation?
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a. Rocky, dense planets must be found close to the sun
b. Planets must go around the sun in more or less the same plane c. There should exist a lot of gas and dust in inner parts of the solar system close to the sun d. Both A and B |
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Which of the following is the most successful model of solar system formation?
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Solar Nebula Theory
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One explanation of why the planets near the Sun are composed mainly of rock and iron is
that …? |
The Sun’s heat made it difficult for other substances such as ices and gases to condense near it
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What was the separation process in the formation of planets during which denser material
sank toward the center of bodies and lighter material floated toward the surface? |
Differentiation
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What are the two main processes that could have formed the atmosphere of planets?
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Outgassing and Collisions
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Why is it difficult for smaller planets to form an atmosphere?
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Because small planets have weak gravity that makes it difficult for them to
hold on to the atmospheres they form |
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What are the main methods for detecting extra solar planets (Exoplanets)?
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Doppler Method, transit method and gravitational lensing
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How do we detect planets using the transit method?
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By looking at the change in brightness as the planet moves in its orbit
around the star |
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What parameters determine the environment of a planet?
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a. Mass and size of the planet.
b. The role of atmosphere. c. The role of sunlight. d. All of the above. |
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Which statement is NOT correct about outer planets in the solar system?
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They are mostly made up of rocks and metals.
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13. The Earth's crust is mostly made up of …?
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Oxygen and silicon.
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In which layer of the Earth's interior, heat is mainly transported to upper layers by convection?
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The mantle.
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Earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth are more active near ...?
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Plate boundaries.
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What is the main source of the Earth's magnetic field?
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Current flows in the molten iron core.
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The Earth's interior has remained hot mainly because of ...?
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Radioactive decay and its small surface to volume ratio.
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Which statement is correct?
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a. There was liquid water on the Earth's surface 4.5 billion years ago.
b. There is more CO2 in the atmosphere than in the oceans now. c. There is more Oxygen in the atmosphere now than 4 billion years ago. d. Oceans formed on the surface of the Earth two thousand years ago |
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What is the origin of Oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?
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b. Plants and bacteria.
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The oxygen started to build up on the Earth’s atmosphere …
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When the Earth was half its present age.
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If the thermal velocity of atmospheric gas is ... the escape velocity for the planet, the
atmosphere can escape. |
Close to
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The Earths atmosphere is mostly composed of …
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Nitrogen
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The higher the elevation on Earth, … the atmospheric pressure.
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The lower
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Ozone layer in the atmosphere blocks which part of the Sun's light spectrum more?
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Ultraviolet
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Which part of the Electromagnetic spectrum is more absorbed by Greenhouse gasses?
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Infrared
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The energy released by the impact of a 50 kg meteoroid traveling at 30 km/s is … the
energy released by the impact of a 100kg meteoroid having the same impact velocity. |
Half
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10. Which statement is correct about the comets?
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a. The tails of comets are always toward the Sun.
b. Comets originate very close to the Sun. c. Gases on the surface of comets solidify into ices as they enter the inner solar system. d. None of the above. |
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What is some evidence supporting that all continents were once united into one single
continent? |
a. Distinctive fossil groups found in Africa and South America.
b. Similarities of geological features and rock ages on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. c. Similarities in shorelines. d. All of the above. |
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Why was the continental drift hypothesis heavily rejected at the time of proposal?
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Inadequate mechanism of continental movement.
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Which of the following supports the “seafloor spreading” hypothesis?
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a. Seafloor is younger near the ridges.
b. The ages of the seafloor are symmetric on either side of the ridges. c. Magnetic polarity reversals are recorded in ocean floor. d. All of the above. |
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What mainly causes the Earth's crust to be dynamically moving?
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Convectional currents in the mantle.
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The Mid-Atlantic ridge is a result of ...?
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Divergent plate boundaries.
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Subduction of oceanic plates, formation of volcanic mountains accompanied by earthquakes is a result of …?
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Convergent plate boundaries.
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In … continental lithosphere cannot recycle, the crust thickens creating high mountains, a
wide plateau and severe earthquakes? |
Continent-Continent Convergence.
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Which of the following correctly describes the geological time scales in order of
increasing divisions of time? |
Epoch, Period, Era, Eon
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19. Recent studies indicate that the Earth had its crust formed within ... of its formation.
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160 million years
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Which of the following is NOT true about the early Earth?
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early Earth was relatively cool
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21. What is the currently accepted theory for the formation of the Moon?
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Moon formed from the debris of a collision between Earth and Mars-sized body
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The correct description of the Earth’s layers from inside out is given in which of the
following choices? |
solid inner iron core, liquid outer iron core, mantle, crust
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What is believed to be the reason for the late Heavy Bombardment between 4 to 3.8 billion years ago?
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change in the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn
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The smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary
functions of life is _____. |
b. A cell
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Three main types of cells are _____.
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a. Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Archaean.
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These types of cells have qualities of both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:
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Archaean Cells
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A/An ____ cell has a central control structure called a nucleus, which contains the cell's DNA.
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Eukaryotic
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5. Which is true about bacteria and archaea?
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Domains are structurally similar but biochemically different.
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Different independent parts of a eukaryotic cell that are assigned different functions are called _____ .
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organelles
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______ cells possess specialized structures called organelles and have their DNA contained in the nucleus.
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Eukaryotic
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What is correct about plant and animal cells?
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Animal cells have mitochondria but plant cells have both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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Mitochondria are able to metabolize ______ .
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sugar in the presence of oxygen
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According to Endosymbiosis Theory, Eukaryotic cells are formed by:
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the combination of two or more prokaryotic cells.
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The main kingdoms of eukaryotic cells are:
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Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista
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______ cell are usually found in harsh environments and may use inorganic chemicals to generate energy.
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Archaean
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When did living things begin to live on land?
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After the formation of the ozone layer
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Organic molecules are mostly made of … and … atoms.
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Carbon and Hydrogen
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3. Which of these are biomolecules?
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a. Carbohydrates and Lipids
b. Proteins c. Nucleic acids d. All of the above |
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4. Organic molecules always have ____ bonding while inorganic molecules usually have
_______ bonding. |
Covalent, ionic
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5. Simple sugars are ______
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Monosaccharaides
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What will happen to the extra glucose in the blood (energy not needed) in the longterm?
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It will be converted to fat.
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Which of the following influences the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction?
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a. Temperature
b. Presence of activators c. Enzyme concentration d. All of the above |
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8. What are the two main varieties of nucleic acids?
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a. DNA and RNA.
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______ are genetic materials that store information for their own replication and for
the sequence of amino acids in proteins? |
DNAs.
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Protein synthesis and regulation of gene expression is performed by:
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RNAs.
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What are the three main parts of nucleotides?
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A phosphoric group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogen-containing base.
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DNA bases are connected with:
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Hydrogen bonds.
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_______ is the process that encourages passage of beneficial genes and discourages
passage of harmful (or less valuable) genes to future generations. |
Natural selection
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