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37 Cards in this Set
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Photosynthesis
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process that occurs at chloroplast, includes light reactions and calvin cycle, produces sugars from H2O, CO2, and light
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found in all plants
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Autotrophs
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self-feeders, plants, producers
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found in all plants
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heterotrophs
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eat other organisms, consumers
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animals, decomposers
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Chlorophyll
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green pigment within chloroplast that absorbs light. its green b/c it absorbs violet-blue & red light while transmitting and reflecting green light
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chlorophyll a & b
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Mesophyll
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the tissue in interior of leaves and contains 30-40 chloroplasts in one cell, where photosynthesis actually occurs
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found in roses
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Stroma
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dense fluid inside chloroplast enclosed by double membrane, where calvin cycle occurs and ATP is produced
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similar to blood in human bodies
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Light reactions
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convert solar energy to chemical energy (ATP & NADPH)
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similar to how glucose functions in cellular respiration
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Photophosphorylation
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uses chemiosmosis to add phosphate to ADP to form ATP
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similar to when H moving across gradients makes ATP synthase create ATP
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thylakoid
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system of interconnected membranous sacs that separates stroma from other parts of chloroplast. photosystem & light reactions occur within the thylakoid membrane
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stacked thylakoids in a column are called grana
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Carbon fixation
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adding carbon to organic compounds
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used in C3, C4 plants and photosynthetic CAM
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Photons
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light particles in which energy is inversely related to wavelength of light
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similar to light from fluorescent bulbs
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Chlorophyll a
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violet-blue & red light works best for photosynthesis, has a blue-green pigment, contains CH3
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found inside reaction centers of photosystem
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Chlorophyll b
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Has a yellow-green pigment, contains CHO
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just as a sponge soaks up water, chlorophyll b soaks up sunlight
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Carotenoids
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Hydrocarbons (C double-bonded to O) that absorb violet & blue-green excessive light energy that would harm chloroplast
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absorbs sunlight like chloroplyll
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Reaction center
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protein complex that includes 2 chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor
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similar to nucleus in cells
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Light-harvesting complex
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pigment molecule (chlorophyll a, b, or cartenoid) attached to proteins
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similar to ripples in water once a pebble is dropped
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Photosystem I
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reaction center chlorophyll a molecule aka P700 b/c it is best at absorbing light w/ wavelength of 700 nm.
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electrons flow through Photosystem I second, used exclusively in cyclic electron flow
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Photosystem II
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reaction center chlorophyll a molecule aka P680 b/c it is best at absorbing light w/ wavelength of 680 nm.
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electrons first flow through Photosystem II
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Photosystem
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has a reaction center w/ light-harvesting complexes surrounding it. Harvests light by: light energy passes through light-harvesting complexes until it reaches the reaction center and causes an electron to be released from 1 of the 2 chlorophyll a molecules which is captured by the primary electron acceptor
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Photosystem I & II
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Primary electron acceptor
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captures excited electron from chlorophyll a
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lies inside reaction center
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Noncyclic electron flow
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predominant route of electron flow during light reactions
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similar to the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
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Cyclic electron flow
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uses only PS I, only generates ATP. shifts from noncyclic to cyclic when there is a rise in NADPH to make up the loss of ATP (b/c it is used more in Calvin Cycle
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similar to the life cycle
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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P or PGAL)
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3 carbon sugar produced directly from Calvin Cycle
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takes 3 cycles of CO2 to get this sugar
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Rubisco
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enzyme that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle- attaching carbon from CO2 to a 5-carbon sugar (RuBP)
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similar to acetyl coenyme in cellular respiration
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C3 plants
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has organic product of 3 carbon compound
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found in most plants
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Photorespiration
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occurs in hot climate where stomata closes to conserve water but CO2 input decreases and O2 output increases during light reactions. considered wasteful b/c it consumes ATP w/o producing ATP or sugars
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found in soy, wheat
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C4 plants
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has organic product of 4 carbon compound and contains bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells. more efficient way to use CO2 to produce sugars
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example of the evolution of plants
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Bundle-sheath cells
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in C4 plants, arranged into tightly packed sheaths around veins of leaves
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similar to frosting over cupcakes
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CAM plants
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adapts to hot climate by opening stomata at night to take in CO2 but closes during the day to retain water, operates like C4 plants except carbon fixation and calvin cycle occurs in same cell
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similar to C4 plants b/c it is a more efficient way to produce sugars in hot climate instead of doing photorespiration
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electron transport chain
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connects between PS 1 & 2 and after PS 2. composed of electron carrier Pq, cytochromes, protein Pc
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similar to electron transport chain in cellular respiration
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Calvin Cycle
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anabolic process that uses ATP & NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
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similar to citric acid cycle in cellular respiration
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mesophyll cells
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in C4 plants, are loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface
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similar to leaves on trees
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PEP carboxylase
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enzyme to add CO2 to PEP to form 4 carbon compound in C4 plants
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functions like rubisco
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electron transport chain
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connects between PS 1 & 2 and after PS 2. composed of electron carrier Pq, cytochromes, protein Pc
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similar to electron transport chain in cellular respiration
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Calvin Cycle
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anabolic process that uses ATP & NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
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similar to citric acid cycle in cellular respiration
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mesophyll cells
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in C4 plants, are loosely arranged between bundle-sheath and leaf surface
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similar to leaves on trees
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PEP carboxylase
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enzyme to add CO2 to PEP to form 4 carbon compound in C4 plants
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functions like rubisco
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