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32 Cards in this Set
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Claims/statements that assert the truth of something (ex: "I know the sun will rise tomorrow") |
Propositional knowledge |
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"We don't even know that we know nothing." |
Pyrrhonian skepticism |
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"The only thing we know is that we know nothing." |
Academic skepticism |
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The theory that a proposition is true if and only if the proposition matches or corresponds to the way the world is. |
Correspondence theory |
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A trust, faith or confidence that something is true but not necessarily confirming its truth. |
Belief |
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The view that we can have knowledge through reason alone and that is sufficient enough. |
Rationalism |
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The view that all knowledge originates in the senses and only sensory experience is sufficient for discovering truth. |
Empiricism |
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Knowledge independent of sensory experience |
A priori knowledge |
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Knowledge dependent on sensory experience |
A posteriori knowledge |
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René Descartes' act of not accepting any opinions as genuine knowledge unless it is impossible to disbelieve their truth. |
The Method of Doubt |
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The 3 conditions of knowledge according to Descartes |
1. Proposition is true 2. Descartes believes in the proposition 3. Descartes believes the proposition is indubitable and cannot possibly be false |
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Explain the Dream Argument according to Descartes |
The objects I have dreamed were falsely perceived. If there's nothing to distinguish being awake from dreaming, I have reason to believe waking experience is deceptive. Therefore, I have reason to doubt the existence of physical objects. |
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Explain the Evil Demon Argument according to Descartes |
I have beliefs that seem like my own but it is possible an evil demon is the source of these beliefs. If the origin is deviant, then the beliefs are false. But, because I have insufficient evidence, I don't know. |
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Explain "Cogito ergo sum" |
In English, "I think, therefore I am." |
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What is the Clarity and Distinctness Rule? |
Descartes' claim that "whatever I perceive very clearly and distinctly is true." |
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What is Descartes' argument for the existence of God? |
Descartes argues that we have a clear and distinct idea of an all-perfect God. Descartes argues that if God exists, he cannot be a deceiver because he is an all-perfect being. The CD rule and The Cogito form the basis of this claim. |
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What are innate ideas? |
Ideas originating in the mind (born with, instinctive, inherent) |
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What is the ontological argument towards the existence of God? |
The argument that God, being defined as most great or perfect, must exist, since a God who exists is greater than a God who does not. |
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What is the trademark argument towards the existence of God? |
Since ideas must have an origin and cannot be more perfect than the things they are derived from, the idea of an all-perfect God must have not come from ourselves but given to us by God himself. |
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Define the Latin phrase "tabula rasa" in relation to Philosophy |
At birth, the mind is a blank slate vulnerable to the experiences of the senses
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Unfiltered, unprocessed sensory data |
Sensation |
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The processing of raw data and understanding |
Reflection |
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Explain representationalism |
John Locke's theory that the real world causes appearances or perceptions by representing the physical world through sense data. |
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What is the representationalist model of perception? |
Objects and event in the real world → Sense organs send signals to the brain (sensation) → Transformation from physical to mental brain event → Processed information/perceptual experience (reflection) |
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Locke's belief that we are disconnected from direct experience of the external world |
Veil of perception |
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Qualities that are inseparable from their objects and thus truly represent them |
Primary qualities |
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Examples of primary qualities according to Locke |
Solidity, extension, figure, movement, rest, number |
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What are secondary qualities? |
Qualities that are not in the objects themselves but are caused by primary qualities (includes colours, sounds, smells, and tastes) |
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What is intuitive knowledge? |
Immediate knowledge that doesn't require the intervention of any other ideas (ex: white is not black; a circle is not a triangle) |
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What is demonstrative knowledge? |
Knowledge where the mind perceives the agreement or disagreement of any ideas, but not immediately. It is the result of reasoning. |
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What is the picture gallery objection? |
A possible objection towards Locke's belief of representationalism. It theorizes that ordinarly we compare a picture against the scene pictured. So, if Locke is right about perception and we can never look at the scene our mind perceives, how can we know our perceptual experience represents reality? |
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The view that the external world is created by the mind. |
Idealism or phenomenalism |
