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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is the underground man unreasonable |
he believes nothing is worth doing and doesn't want to be constrained by rules thus he does nothing |
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what are some examples of the underground man's unreasonableness |
"my liver hurts, let it hurt more" |
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why does the underground man say that a truly intelligent person is inert |
because he realizes there is nothing worth doing |
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according to the underground man what are some differences between a person with a heightened consciousness and an ordinary person |
heightened consciousness: is not stopped by walls / doesn't do anything ordinary person: stopped by walls of nature and reason |
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what is the most profitable profit |
our own free voluntary wanting |
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why is the best definition of man: a being that goes on two legs and si ungrateful |
because we are never satisfied |
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what is the underground man's reaction to determinism |
rejects it because he believes everything is not pre-determined |
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how does A use the crop rotation method to stave off boredom |
he constantly finds a new lover, never stays around long enough to become bored |
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we acquire the ability to remember and forget poetically |
by experiencing things right the first time |
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how does skill at remembering and forgetting help the aesthetic form of life |
because we will not be pained when we recall things and we will be able to remember them correctly |
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why should we guard against friendship |
it brings you down, its a time commitment and you will disappointment them or they will disappoint you |
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why does A believe we should never enter into the relation of marriage |
because it is a false promise (promising forever), he says romantic love is better |
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why does B think that marriage is a worthwhile institution |
he says that marriage = conjugal love and that this is the love we should aim for |
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compare and contrast A and B on the value of marriage |
A and B both think that love is important, A thinks that romantic love is better B thinks conigal love is better. A thinks we should not marry and B thinks we should marry |
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according to B what is wrong with failing to take our choices seriously, with saying merely either/or |
by being whatever others want you to be you are really nothing because we are our choices |
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what is the relationship between Kierkegaard's own life and Abraham's test |
it is about his relationship with Regine and religion. He scarifies his love to become one with God |
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compare and contrast the knight of faith and the knight of infinite resignation |
knight of faith: passionately involved in the world, gives up what he loves to find peace in infinite pain knight of infinite resignation: same but gets it all back in the absurd |
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compare and contrast the knight of faith and the tragic hero |
both give up what they love and both are passionately involved in the world. The knight of faith gives up what he loves for the universal but the tragic hero gives up what he loves for the ethical |
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what does Johannes de Silentio mean by a teleological suspension of the ethical |
something higher than ethics that makes a wrong deed okay |
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what does Kierkegaard say is his fundamental goal as an author |
to rejuvinate Christianity |
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according to Kierkegaard how is his aesthetic writing related to his goal of creating Cristians in Christiandom |
they will not be scared off by the religious writing, instead it will be hidden from them but they will learn |
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what are three ways to make people better |
not be impatient, don't use confrontation, make them think it was their idea, teach them |
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how did Kierkegaard attempt to promote his goals by displaying certain public persona |
he lived the way he thought proper so that people could follow his lead |
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why did kIERKEGAARD USE PSEUDONYMS |
SO THAT PEOPLE WOULD NOT JUST DO AS HE DOES AND ALSO TO SAVE REGINA PAIN |
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explain Kierkegaards indirect communication |
he lived properly and he did not explicitly say he was talking about religion |
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explain Kierkegaards statement that the crowd is untruth |
we do not act as we normally would when in a crowd, instead we do as the crowd does. |
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why does kierkegaard dislike the press |
because of anonymity and because they speak to thousands |
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what are kierkegaards three stages of life |
aesthetic life , universal life, particular life |
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distinguish the objective and subjective problem of Christianity |
objective: questioning the tenets of christianity subjective: questioning the relationship between individuals and christianity |
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what does Kierkegaard mean by saying that subjectivity is truth |
subjective truth is how it was said Truth: objective uncertainty held fast in an appropriation process of the most passionate inwardness |
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according to kierkegaard what is faith |
not an aesthetic emotion. It requires understanding and resignation |
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according to anti-climacus what is despair |
the inability to harmonize the finite and infinite selves in relation to eternal truth |
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what are the three types of despair |
unconscious despair, willing not to be oneself, despairing over willing to be oneself |
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unconscious despair |
being dominated by the sensuous self. You are unaware of the connection between the eternal, finite and eternal truth |
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willing not to be oneself |
recognition of problem (comes with great misfortune or fortune. ) recognition of problem (reflect on spiritual self but then revert) you despair over over your weakness (you realize you're not strong enough to fight off finite world |
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despairing over willing to be oneself |
you've rejected the finite world more than you should have |
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explain Schopenhaure's idea that the world is will and a representation |
the world has two aspects. The representation aspect (material world) and the will aspect (Real world) |
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why is schopenhauer a pessimist |
he believes misfortunate is coming to us all no matter what and that we always suffer because we have needs and desires |
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for schopenhauer what is the difference between aesthetic and ordinary consciousness |
aesthetic: you see the essence of the thing ordinary: we see outside objects as either good or bad for us |
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explain schopenhauer's view of the hierarchy of the arts |
music -> human art -> animal art -> landscape -> architecture |
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why does schopenhauer think that art is a partial solution to the suffering and contingencies of life |
it allows tranquility when we get caught up in art, it allows us to to no longer see ourselves as individuals. Music represents the will |
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how is ethics a partial answer to the suffering and contingencies of life |
believes we are all one so we are motivated to help others and identify with them, this helps us feel better and reduces our suffering |
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what does schopenhauer think is the fundamental principle of morality |
never harm others / help as much as you can |
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what is schopenhauer's ultimate solution to the suffering and contingencies of life |
don't seek any pleasure, just pull back |
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explain the difference between the Duonysian and Apollonian impulses or drives |
apollonian: herioism, beauty, justice, the Gods Dionysain: passion, chaos, sexuality, unity |
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what does Nietzsche mean by saying that "only as an aesthetic phenomenon are existence and the world eternally justified |
art is the highest expression of the human spirit. knowledge and rationality do nothing to justify existence, instead life finds meaning through art |
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what does Nietzsche think is the genius of Greek Tragedy |
ability to open itself to Myriad forces of life without adopting a moral perspective |
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describe the socratic tendency or drive |
to take infinite pleasure in investigating the nature of the world of appearance |
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describe the Apollonian, Dionysian and Socratic approaches to dealing with the contingencies and suffering of life |
socratic: gain pleasure from the beauty of the world apollonian: take the view of the Olympic Gods Dionysian: feel connected to everything |
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how does Nietzsche describe the free spirit |
thinks otherwise than would be expected of his origin, class, etc. he is not constrained by the rules/views of his culture. Thus he has truth |
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Describe Nietzsche's distinction between metaphysical and historical philosophy. Why does he favour historical philosophy |
prefers historical philosophy because he says things are not as established as we think and that people are constantly changing |
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why does Nietzsche believe that a higher culture must give a man a double brain or two brain chambers |
because we need to pursue scientific truth but at the same time we need to pursue non scientific truth as well (ie. art) |
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what does Nietzsche say is the threefold error which is the origin of morality |
(1) we see the behaviours of others as what is in it for us / judge it based on that (2) we take this effect to be intentional behaviour (3) we ascribe to the harbouring of such intentions as permanent qualities of the person |
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explain nietzsche's idea that our character and behaviour is largely determined by subtle inner processes and drives |
it's according to which drive most needs to be released at the time which determines how we will act |
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explain nietzsche's idea that knowledge is nothing more than useful errors |
all things we take to be truth are actually errors but if it has been around a long time then it is useful (it does not matter if it is true) |
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what is meant by nietzsche's perspectivism |
there is no absolute truth, only various perspectives. we must take a perspective but there is not thing in itself |
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what does nietzsche mean by preparatory or higher human beings |
preparatory: prepare us for the higher humans higher humans: has the strength of will but still enjoys life. Is contemplative and strong enough to be with their own thoughts. He is silent, lonely, content and corageous |
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who are the philosophers of the future |
one who can be lonely, hidden, deviant, beyond good and evil, a master of virtue and in will |
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explain nietzsche's distinction between philosophers and philosophical workers |
philosophers workers: describes everything that has already taken place / been assessed philosopher: commanders and lawgivers |
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explain the idea of the last man. Why does Zarathustra teach about the last man |
like a herd animal, enjoys simple things and mediocrity. Teaches about this to show them that they need to become the Overman |
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explain the idea of the overman |
beyond the human being. He is what we want to become
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explain nietzsche's story of the shepherd and the snake |
the shepherd is being strangled by the snake, he bites the snake off, he then transforms into a higher being |
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explain nietzche's idea that it is needful to give style to one's character |
you should treat yourself like a canvas and make it beautiful so that you will be happy |
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what are some important similarities between nietzche's philosophy and kierkegard |
both think god is important, both take a despairing view on humanity, both think we suffer, both think that the belief in God is failing |
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why does nietzsche say that god is dead |
we have stopped believing in god and should not start believing in him again. We also do not recognize what this means for us |
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explain Nietzsche's idea of eternal recurrence |
idea that in a sense our lives recur and will do so over and over again. Imagining this is a test to see if you are living properly |
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why does Zarathustra leave his mountain cave / what does he want to teach |
to spread his wisdom about the fact that God is dead and that we need the Overman |
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explain the three metamorphoses of the spirit |
the camel ( longs for the heaviest things, we need this to become the overman) the lion (captures freedom and becomes its own lord. also tear down previous values) the child (innocence and forgetfulness and a sacred yes. Have to be able to say yes to the world to create new values) |
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explain nietzsches distinction between master and slave moralities |
master: good = powerful, healthy, rich. bad = weak, oppressed, sick, poor slave: good = powerless, weak, kind, compassionate. evil = powerful, unkind, masters |
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cwhy does nietzsche believe that christian morality is life-denying |
because you focus on an afterlife, not this life |
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why does nietzsche think we need enemies |
because they challenge us to be better and to be honest with us |
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why does nietzsche think we should live dangerously |
because the struggle is part of the greatest enjoyment of life (you need a challenge, something to overcome) |
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what is the will to power |
the basic drive in everything (everything wants power) |
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how does the will to power help with the revaluation of all values |
it is not will to live it is will to power. he has to overcome were he is because he cannot be satisfied with where he is now |
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why does nietzsche think that pity is a life-negating value |
it takes energy away from those who pity / distracts them from their desires provides a crutch for those being pitied. |
