Phil 173 Exam 1

Front 1

What is logic

Back 1

-study of the techniques we use to distinguish good from bad reasoning

Front 2

Argument

Ethyneme

Back 2

series of statements that the conclusion follows from the premises

argument with an unstated premiss or conclusion

Front 3

Statement

Back 3

-chain or assertion that something is or is not so

Front 4

Different types of sentences

Back 4

-statement (I rule)
-question(Do I rule?)
-command(Go rule!)
-performative utterance(I promise to rule)

Front 5

What is the essential difference between inductive/deductive

Back 5

one neccessatates, the other is probable

Front 6

Inductive argument

Back 6

-Claim conc. are only probable
-Conclusions "go beyond" prems
-Concl. might be false, even if prems are true
-Req. something between no evidence and complete evidence
-Marbles, opinions

Front 7

Deductive argument

Back 7

-claim conc. are necessary
-conc. do not go beyond prems
-concl. cannot be false, if prems are true

Front 8

Strength of inductive?

Back 8

-depends on how far beyond the prems the conc. goes
-not really concerned with it in here

Front 9

Valid argument?

Invalid argument

Back 9

-If the prems are true, then the conc. must be true. Determined only by form.

-If the prems are true, it is possible for the conc. to be false

Front 10

Sound argument

Back 10

-If argument is valid, and the prems are indeed are true

Front 11

Key words for premises

Concl

Back 11

-because, since, as, for, for the reason that, is shown by

-so, thus, therefore, hence, accordingly

Front 12

Psychological mistake

Back 12

-psychological factor independent of logic, but an appeal psychologically

Front 13

Argumentum ad Bacalum
Hominem
Ignorantium

Back 13

-appeal to force
-to the man, a punk gives an argument, say just look at him! or priest arguing for god
-from ignorance, you can't prove it is not the case, so it is the case

Front 14

Populum
Misericordium
Verecundiam

Back 14

-to the people=bandwagoning
-to pity=due to misfortune, plea for help
-to authority="learned" people's arguments are better just because of that, not because of anything else

Front 15

Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

Black or white fallacy

Back 15

-after the thing=association is causation. I played video games, then I kill somebody, so they must be linked

-either/or. but ridiculous and not clear premises. If I don't pass this test I will die

Front 16

Petitio Principii

Back 16

-begging the question. Just restating the premiss, so logical valid but says nothing. Also could be circular argument.
-You should study logic because you ought to learn techniques for good reason

Front 17

Complex question (fallacy)

Back 17

-basing question on assumption, also a kind of begging the question. Kind of a set up question
-why did you rob the bank? Are you embarrased that you cheated?

Front 18

Accident/Converse accident

Back 18

-taking something sound and applying it accidently to every situation (stealing, giving a weapon back to a drunk person)
-hasty generalization. It is good to not let your friends drive drunk, so it is good to not let frineds drive

Front 19

Division and composition

Back 19

-deal with wholes and parts.
-division=say character of one whole applies to the parts (metallica rules, so every song rules)
-comp=opposite(every song rules, so Metallica rules)

Front 20

Equivocation

Amphiboly

Back 20

-when words have more than one meaning, applying it to all (right=the right to do, and right=good)
-if statement taken intended different than it was taken (John said Mary come here)

Front 21

Classes

Back 21

-groups or collections of things which have in common some quality or charecteristic.
-ex. dogs, brown dogs, brown things
-Must use nouns or noun phrases: run is not, but runners is...

Front 22

Categorical propositions

Standard form

Back 22

-statements that have classes that relate to each other.
1) must talk about two classes, S and P
2) say whether S included in P or excluded from P

Front 23

Types of standard forms

Back 23

-All S are P=Universal Affirmitive (A)
-No S are P=Universal Negative (E)
-Some S are P=Particular Affirmitive (I)
-Some S are not P=Part. Negative (O)
-Each has quantity (uni/par) and quality (affirm/neg)

Front 24

Form for
Distribution of term

Back 24

-Quantifier-Subject-Copula-Predicate
A=All Sd are Pu
E=No Sd are Pd
I=Some Su are Pu
O=Some Su are not Pd

Front 25

Square of opposition:

Contradictories
Contraries
Subcontraries
Subalternates

Back 25

A-O, E-I. opposite truth values
A-E. If one is true other is false:but if one is false, other is unknown
I-O. One is false, other is true:if one is true, other is unknown
A-I, E-O. T moves down, not up. F Moves Up, not down (E-O)

Front 26

conversion
obversion
contraposition

Back 26

-Switching S & P
-All S are P->No S are non-P
No S are P to all S are non-P

-All S are P--> All non-P are non-S

Front 27

All S are P are T/F, A

To E, I, O

Back 27

-E If T, F. If F, Unknown

-I If T, T. If False, Unknown

-O Opposite

Front 28

No S are P T/F, E

To others

Back 28

-A If T, F. If F, Unknown

-O If T, T. If False, Unknown

-I Opposite

Front 29

Some S are P T/F, I

To others

Back 29

-O If F, T. If T, Unknown

-A If T, Unknown. If F, F

-E Oppostite

Front 30

Some S are not P T/F, O

To others

Back 30

-I If F, T. If T, Unknown

-E If F, F. If T, Unknown

-A Opposite

Front 31

Can a prop be true if it doesn't exist?

Existential Import?

Back 31

-No, but if it is hypothetical, then yes

-If class has no members (unicorns), do not accept argument

Front 32

What must be agreed upon for something to be statement

Back 32

-Verifibility or how you would verify it

Front 33

Moods?

Types of figures?

Back 33

-AEE, EIO, AIO, etc.

- M-P P-M M-P P-M
S-M S-M M-S M-S