Personality Ch. 12 (And Motivation)

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Personality

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characteristics, emotional responses, thoughts, and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across circumstances

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Personality Trait

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a characteristic; a dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

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Organization (in relation to personality)

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personality is not just a list of traits but a coherent whole

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Dynamic (in relation to personality)

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personality is goal seeking, sensitive to context and adaptive to the environment

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Psychodynamic Theory

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Freudian theory that unconscious forces, such as wishes and motives, influence behavior

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Topographical Model

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3 levels of consciousness proposed by Freud
1) Conscious
2) Preconscious
3) Unconscious

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Conscious

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part of Freud's topographical model
always aware of one's thoughts

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Preconscious

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part of Freud's topographical model
consists of content that is not currently in awareness but could be brought to awareness

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Unconscious

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part of Freud's topographical model
material that the brain / mind can not easily retrieve

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Freudian Slip

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when a person accidentally reveals a hidden motive

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Psychosexual Stages

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according to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urges
1) Oral Stage
2) Anal Phase
3) Phallic Stage
4) Latency Stage
5) Genital Stage

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Erogenous Zones

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mouth, anus, and genitals

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Oral Stage

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(one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
- birth - 18 months
- pleasure is sought through the mouth

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Anal Phase

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(one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
- 2-3 years
- toilet training leads to focus on the anus - control of the bowels

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Phallic Stage

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(one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
- 3-5 years
- libidinal energies are directed towards the genitals

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Oedipus Complex

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when boys feel hostility for their fathers because they desire an exclusive relationship with their mothers --> resolved by identification with father - taking on many values and ideals of father

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Latency Stage

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(one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
- when libidinal urges are suppressed or channeled into schoolwork or building friendships

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Genital Stage

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(one of Freud's Psychosexual Stages)
- adolescents and adults
- work to attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood

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Oral Personality

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fixation on the oral stage - seek out pleasure via the mouth (smoking, very needy)

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Anal-Retentive Personality

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fixation on anal stage - meaning they are stubborn and overly regulating

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Id

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in psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle

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Superego

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in psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct

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Ego

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in psychodynamic theory the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego

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Reality Principle

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rational thought and problem solving

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Defense Mechanisms

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unconscious mental strategies the mind uses to protect itself from conflict and distress

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Denial

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(defense mechanism)
- refusing to acknowledge source of anxiety
- ill person ignores medical advice

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Repression

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(defense mechanism)
- excluding source of anxiety from awareness
- person fails to remember unpleasant event

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Projection

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(defense mechanism)
- attributing unacceptable qualities to someone else
- competitive person describes others as super-competitive

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Reaction Formation

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(defense mechanism)
- replacing bad thoughts by emphasizing opposite
- unacknowledged homoerotic desires results in person making homophobic remarks

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Rationalization

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(defense mechanism)
- reasoning for something "shameful"
- cheat on taxes because everybody does it

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Displacement

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(defense mechanism)
- shift emotional attention from one to another
- person yells at kids after bad day at work

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Sublimation

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(defense mechanism)
- channeling socially unacceptable behavior into constructive
- sadist becomes a surgeon or dentist

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Object Relations Theory

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the object of attachment is another person such as parent or spouse

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Humanistic Approaches

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approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems, and propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potential

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Phenomenology

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subjective to human experience

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Self-Actualization

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people's desire to fulfill their individual potential for personal growth through greater self understanding

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Person-Centered Approach

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Carl Rogers' theory that emphasized people's personal understandings

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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children are accepted, loved and prized no matter how they behave

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Subjective Well-Being

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how much happiness and satisfaction people have in their lives

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Broaden-and-Build Theory

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positive emotions prompt people to consider novel and creative solutions to their problems

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Personality Types

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discrete categories based on global personality characteristics

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Implicit Personality Theory

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the tendency to assume personality characteristics go together and therefore to make predictions about people based on minimal evidence

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Trait Approach

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focuses on the extent to which individuals differ in personality dispositions

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Factor Analysis

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grouping items based on their similarities

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Specific Response Level

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(in Hans Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality)
observed behaviors

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Habitual Response Level

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(in Hans Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality)
repeated observed behaviors

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Traits

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(in Hans Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality)
when people are observed on many occasions to behave in same way

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Superordinate Traits

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(in Hans Eysenck's Hierarchical Model of Personality)
1) introversion vs extraversion - shy vs outgoing
2) emotional stability - extent of moods changing
3) psychoticism - impulse control, empathy, aggression

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Five Factor Theory

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the idea that personality can be described using five traits (OCEAN)

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Openness to Experience

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(Five Factor Theory)
imaginative vs down-to-earth, variety vs routine, independent vs. conforming

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Conscientiousness

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(Five Factor Theory)
organized vs. disorganized, careful vs. careless, self-disciplined vs. weak-willed

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Extraversion

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(Five Factor Theory)
social vs. retiring, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved

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Agreeableness

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(Five Factor Theory)
soft-hearted vs. ruthless, trusting vs. suspicious, helpful vs. uncooperative

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Neuroticism

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(Five Factor Theory)
worried vs. calm, insecure vs. secure, self-pitying vs. self-satisfied

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Locus of Control

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the results of positive outcomes

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Internal Locus of Control

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bring about their own rewards

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External Locus of Control

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personal fate (outside of control)

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Cognitive Social Theories

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emphasize how personal beliefs, expectations, and interpretations shape behavior and personality

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Self-Efficacy

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the extent to which people believe they can achieve specific outcomes

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Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)

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Mischel's theory that people's responses in a given situation are influenced by how they encode or perceive the situation

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Idiographic Approaches

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person-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique persons

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Central Traits

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important for how individuals define themselves

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Secondary Traits

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less important - less personally descriptive or not applicable

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Nomothetic Approaches

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approaches to studying psychology that focus on characteristics that are common to all people although there is individual variation (traits)

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Projective Measures

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personality tests that examine unconscious processes by having people interpret ambiguous stimuli

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

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look at meaningless inkblot and describe what it may be

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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a projective measure of personality where a person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about the picture

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Objective Measures

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relatively unbiased assessments of personality, usually based on info gathered by self-report questionnaires or observer ratings (NEO Personality Inventory or California Q-Sort)

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Situationism

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the theory that behavior is determined as much by situations as by personality traits

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Interactionists

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theorists who believe that behavior is jointly determined by underlying dispositions and situations

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Temperament

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biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways
1) activity level
2) emotionality
3) sociability

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Activity Level

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(as related to temperament)
overall amount of energy and behavior a person exhibits

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Emotionality

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(as related to temperament)
the intensity of emotional reactions

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Sociability

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(as related to temperament)
general tendency to affiliate with others

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Optimal Level of Arousal

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the level at which each person prefers to, and operates best at

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Arousability

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reactivity to stimuli (introverts = more)

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Behavioral Approach System (BAS)

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the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards ("Go" System)

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Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

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the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or pain ("Stop" System)

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Basic Tendencies

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dispositional traits that are determined to a great extent by biological processes

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Characteristic Adaptations

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the adjustments people make to situational demands which tend to be consistent because they are based on skills, habits, roles, etc.

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McAdam's 3 Levels of Personality

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1) Dispositional Traits
2) Personal Concerns
3) Life Narratives

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Dispositional Traits

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(McAdam's 3 Levels of Personality)
- like Big 5
- relatively stable

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Personal Concerns

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(McAdam's 3 Levels of Personality)
goals, motives, social roles

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Life Narratives

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(McAdam's 3 Levels of Personality)
personal myths and stories that people use to define their lives and identities

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Quantum Change

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transformation of personality that is sudden, profound, and enduring that affects a wide range of behaviors

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Motivational States

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-energizing (activate or arouse behaviors)
-directive (guide behaviors toward satisfying specific goals or needs)
-persistent (help people persist until goals are achieved)
-strength (they differ)

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Need

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State of biological or social deficiencies within the body

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Need Hierarchy
1) Self-Actualization
2) Esteem
3) Belonging and Love
4) Safety
5) Physiological

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Maslow's arrangement of needs in which basic survival needs are lowest and personal growth needs are highest in terms of ultimate priority
levels (5)

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Self-Actualization

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state which is achieved when one's personal dreams and aspirations have been attained

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Drive

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physiological state that motivates an organism to satisfy it's needs

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Arousal

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term to describe psychological activation such as increased brain activity, autonomic responses, sweating or muscle tension

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Homeostasis

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the tendency for bodily functions to maintain equilibrium

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Negative Feedback Model

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people respond to deviations from equilibrium

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Set-Point

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hypothetical state that indicates homeostasis

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Stressor

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an environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

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Coping Response

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any response an organism makes to avoid, escape from, or minimize an aversive stimulus

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Fight-or-Flight Response

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the physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger

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Tend-and-Befriend Response

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the argument that females are more likely to protect and care for their offspring and form social alliances than flee or fight in response to threat

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Nonspecific Stress Response

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bloated adrenal glands, damaged lymphatic structures, and stomach ulcers

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General Adaptation Syndrome
1) alarm
2) resistance
3) exhaustion

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a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages
1) emergency reaction, prepares body to fight or flee
2) prepared for longer, sustained attack
3) physiological and immune systems fail

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Major Life Stressors

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changes or disruptions that strain central areas of peoples lives

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Daily Hassles

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small, day-to-day irritations and annoyances

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Type A Behavior Pattern

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characterized by competitiveness, achievement orientation, aggressiveness, hostility, restlessness, inability to relax, and impatience with others

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Type B Behavior Pattern

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characterized by relaxed, noncompetitive, easygoing, and accommodating behavior

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Immune System

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the body's mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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the study of the response of the body's immune system to psychological variables

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boosts
weakens

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short term stress ____ the immune system
long term stress ____ the immune system

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Lymphocytes

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specialized white blood cells known as B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells that make up the immune system

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B Cells

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produce antibodies

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Antibodies

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protein molecules that attach themselves to foreign agents to mark them for destruction

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T Cells

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involved in attacking intruders

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Natural Killer Cells

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helpful for killing viruses and tumors

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Anticipatory Coping

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occurs before onset of stressor

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Primary Appraisals

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part of coping process that involves making decisions about whether a stimulus is stressful, benign, or irrelevant

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Secondary Appraisals

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part of the coping process during which people evaluate their options and choose coping behaviors

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Emotion-Focused Coping

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people try to prevent having an emotional response to a stressor

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Problem-Focused Coping

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people take direct steps to confront or minimize a stressor

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Positive Reappraisal

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a cognitive process in which people focus on possible good things in their current situation

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Hardiness

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a personality trait that enables people to perceive stressors as controllable challenges
- commitment (to daily activities), challenge (opportunities for growth), control (of life)

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Social Support

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a network of other people who can provide help, encouragement and advice

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Buffering Hypothesis

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the idea that other people can provide direct support in helping individuals cope with stressful events

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Health Psychology

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studies the extent to which lifestyle factors played important roles in physical health

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Biopsychosocial Perspective

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emphasizes biological processes, individual factors, and social influences

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

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a ratio of body weight to height used to measure obesity