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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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socialization
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process by which individuals acquiare beliefs, values, behaviors considered desireable or appropriate by their culture or subculture
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baby biography
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detailed record of infan'ts growth and development over a period of time
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parsimony
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parsimonious theory is one that explains a broad set of observation with few explanatory principles
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falsifiability
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capable of generating predicions that could be disconfirmed
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heuristic
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continues to stimulate new research and new discoveries
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hypothesis
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theorretical predicion
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original sin
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childrne are inherently selfish egoinsts who must be controlled by societ
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innate purity
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infatnts are born with intuitive sense of right and wrong thaqt is often misirected
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tabula rasa
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mind of infant is a blank state and all knowedge, abilities, behaviors, and motive are acquired through experience
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particularistic development
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devlopment outcomes that vary from person to person
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reliability
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extent to which a measuring istrument yields consistent results over time and across observers
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validity
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extent to which measuring instrument accurately reflects what researchers inteded to measure
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structured interview/quesionnaire
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all participants asked the same quesions in precisely the same order to the responses of different partiicpnats can be compared
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clinical method
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type of interview where participant's response to each question determines what the investigator will ask next
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ethnogoraphy
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method in which researcher seeks to undertand unique values, traditions, social processes of a culture/subculutre by living with its members and making extensive notes
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experimental control
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steps taken by experimenter to ensure that all extrandeous factors tha could influence dependent variable are equialent in each condition
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confounding variable
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could explain the differences across treatment conditionins and is not the independent variable
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field experiment
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experimentthat takes place in a naturlaistic setting
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ecological validity
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findings of one's rsearch are accurate representation of processes that occur in natural environment
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cohort effect
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age-related difference among cohorts that is attributable to cultural/historical differences in cohorts growing-up experiences rher than to true developmental change
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selective attrition
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nonrandom loss of participants durng a study, resultin in nonrepresentative sample
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nonrepresentative sample
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subgroup that differs in importnat wasys from the larger group which it belongs
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microgenetic design
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research desing in which participnats are studeied intensivelyt over short period of time as developmental changes occur
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identification
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Freud's term of child's tendency to emulate another person
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fixation
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arrested development at a particular psychosexual stage
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psychosocial theory
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erikson's revision of freud's theory; series of eight psychosocial conflicts
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operant learning
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form of learning in which voluntary acts become tiher more or less probable depending on the consequences they produce
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deferred imitation
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reproduction of a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past (develops rapidly during the second year)
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verbal mediator
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verbal encondgin of modeled behavior that observer stores in memory (bandura)
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environmental determinism
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nothion that children are passive creatures moleded by their environment
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scheme
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organized pattern of throught or action that a childconstructs to make sense of some aspect of his or her experience
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behavioral schemes
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organized patterns of behavior th at are used to represent and respond to objects and experiences
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symbolic schemes
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internal metnal symbols that one uses to reprsent aspects of experience
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operational schemes
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scheme htat utilize cognitive operations
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constructivist
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one hwo gains knowledge by acting or otherwise operating on objects or events to discover their properties
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assimilation
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process by whihc children interpret new experiences by incoroporating them into their existing schemes
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disequilibriums
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imbalances or contradictions between one's thought processes and environmental events
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accommadtion
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children modfity their existingschemes in order ot incorporate or adapt to new expriences
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invariant developmental sequences
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series of developments that occur in one particular oder because each development in sequences is preresquisite fo the next
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primary circular reaction
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pelasurable response, cetnetered on the infant's own body that is disovered yb chance and is performed over and over
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secondayr circular reaction
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pleasureable response, centered on external object that is discovered by chance and performed over and over
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tertiary circular reaction
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exploatory scheme in which infants devise new methods or acting on objects to reproduce interesting results
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centered thinking
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tendncy to focus on only one aspect of a problem
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compensation
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ability to consder more than one aspect o a problem at at time
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seriation
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allows one to order set of stimuli along quantifiable dimension (in concrete operational)
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transitivity
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Ability to infer relations amont elements in a serial order
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ethology
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study of bioevolutionary bases of behavior and development
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behaviorla genetcis
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scientific study of how genotype inteacts with environment to determine behavioral attributes such as intellience, personality, and mental health
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ecological systems theory
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Bronfenbrenner's model that emphasizes the person is embedded in series of environmental systems htat interact wtih one another
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inner speech
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internatlized private speech; covert verbal thought
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social information processing theory
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social-cognitive theory stating that explanations we construct fo social experiences largely determine how we react to those experiences
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causal attributions
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conclusions drawn about underlying causes of our own or another person's behaviorc
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consistency scehma
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attributional heuristic implying htat actions that a person consistently performs are likelty tobe internally caused
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mecahnistic model
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view of children as passitve entities whose developmental pathrs are primarily determined by external influence
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organismic model
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view of children as active entities whose developmetnal paths are primarily determined by forces from within themselves
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holistic perspective
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unified view of the developmental process that emphasizes interrelatioships amont physical/biological, mental, social and emotional aspects of human development
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eclectics
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those who borrow from many theories in their attempts to predict and explain human development
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discrete emotiosn theory
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theory of emotions specifying that specific emotions are biologically programmed
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funcitonalist apprach
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theory specifying major purpose of an emotion is to establish, maintain, or change one's relationship with the environment to accomplish a goal
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social smile
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first appears at 6-10 weeks of age
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self conscious emotions
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secondary emotions
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emotional competence
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ability to display predominantly positive emotions, to correcltyidentify others' emotions and respond appropriately, ot adjust one's own emotions to appropriate levels of intensity
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temperament
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person's chracteristic modes of emotional and behavioral respnding to environmental events, including such attributes as activity level, irritability, fearful distress, and positie affect
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asocial phase of attachment
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approx. first six weeks of life in which infants respond in an equally favorable way to interesting and social/nonsocial stimuli
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secondary reinforcer
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initially neutral stimulus that acquires reinforcement value by virtue of its repeated association with other reinforcing stimuli
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preadapted characteristic
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innate attribue that is a product of evolution and serves some funciton that increases the chance of survival for the individual and the species
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strange situation
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eight separation and reuinion episodes to which infants are exposed in order to determin the quality of their attachments
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attachment Q-set
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alternative method of asessing attachment security that is based on observations of child's attachment-related behaviors at home
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Adult Attachment Interview
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clinical interview used tiwht adolescne/adults to tap respondents' memories of their childhood relationships with parents to assess the character of respondnets' attachment representations
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Amae
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Japaenese term; refers to infant's feeling of total dependence on his or her mother and presumption of mother's love and indulgence
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caregiving hypothesis
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Ainsworth's notion that type of attachment infant develops depends primairly on kind of caregiving he or she has received from that person
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insightfulness
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caregiver capacity to understand an infacnt's motives, emotions, and beahviors and to take them into account when responding to the infant; thought to be important contributor to senstive caregiving
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temperament hypothesis
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Kagan's view that hte Strange Situation measures individual differences in infants' temperaments rather than quality of their attachments
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internal working models
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cognitive representations of self, others, and relationships that infants construct from heir interactions with caregivers
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reactive attachment disorder
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inability to for msecure attachment bonds with other people; characterizes many victims of early social deprivation and/or abuse
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proprioceptive feedback
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sensory information from msucles, tendons, joints that help one ot locate position of one's body or body parts in space
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personal agency
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recognition that one can be cause of event or events
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present self
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early self-representation in which 2 and 3 year olds recognize current representaiton of sel but are laregely unaware that past self-representations or self-releveant events have implications for the future
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categorical self
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person's classification of htself along socially significant dimensions
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desire theory
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early theory of mind in which person's actions are throught to be refelction of deisres rather than beliefs
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belief-desire theory
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child realizes beliefs and desire determine behavior and people will oftne act on their beliefs
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false self-behavior
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acting in ways that do not refelct one's true self or the "true me"
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relational self-worth
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feelings of self-worth within a particular relaitonship context
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meta-analysis
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statistical procedure for combining and nalayzing results of several studies on the same topic to test hypotheses and draw conclusions
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social comparison
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process of defining and evaluating self by comparing oneself to other people
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moratorium
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identity status characterizng individuals who are curently experiencing ientity crisis and are actively exploring occupation/idological position in which to invest themselves
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blended families
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new families resultin from cohabitiation or remarriage that include step-relations
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parent effects model
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model of family influence in which parents are believed to influence thir children
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cihld effects model
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model of family influence in which children are believed to influence hteir parents
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transactional model
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model of family influence in which parent and child are believed to influence each other reciprocally
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family distress model
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Conge'rs model of how economic distress affects faimly dynamics nad devlopmental outcomes
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acculturation stress
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anxiety or uneasiness that new residents may feel upon attempting to assimilate a new culture and its traditions
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no-nonsense parenting
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misture of authoritatie and authoritarian parenting styels that is associated with favorable outcomes in African american families
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ownness effect
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tendency of parents in complex stepparent homes to favor and be more involve with their biological children than with their stepchildren
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complex stepparent home
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family consisting of two married adults, each of whom has at least one biological child living at home
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single stepparent home
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faimly consiting of a parent, his or her biological children, and a stepparent
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