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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Immunologic Disorders |
o Immune complexes form from immunologic reactions throughout the body and increased serum immunoglobulins
o Cause change and damage to the membranes
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Non-immunologic Disorders |
o chemicals, toxins, amyloid material & acute phase reactants
o Electrical charge interferences, membrane thickening
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Glomerulonephritis |
sterile, inflammatory condition affecting glomerulus = protein, blood, casts |
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Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis |
Glomerular Disorder o Cause: Group A Strep containing M Protein o Symptoms: edema (often around the eyes), hypertension, oliguria & fatigue o Urine Findings: gross hematuria, proteinuria, RBC, hyaline & granular casts |
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Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis |
Glomerular Disorder crescentic: more serious form of acute o Cause: immune complexes in glomerulus o Symptoms: Similar to AGN progress more o Urine Findings: elevated protein, low glomerular filtration rate (GFR) § Increased fibrin degradation products (FDP) § Increased IgA immune complex |
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Goodpasture Syndrome |
Glomerular Disorder o Cause: cytotoxic Ab attached to BM after respiratory infx (autoimmune) -leads to compliment & capillaries destroyed o Symptoms: hemoptysis (blood in sputum), hypertension, & dyspneao o Urine: hematuria, proteinuria, & RBC casts |
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Wegener’s Granulomatosis |
Glomerular Disorder Inflammation and granulomas in small blood vessels of kidney and respiratory system o Cause: neutrophils initiate immune response producing granulomas -ANCA dx o Symptoms: pulmonary symptoms first
o Urine: hematuria, proteinuria, RBC casts, elevated BUN and creatinine levels
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Henoch-Schonlein Purpura |
Glomerular Disorder Raised, red patches on skin: in kids after upper respiratory infection o Urine: proteinuria & hematuria & RBC casts o Symptoms: following respiratory infection, blood in sputum & stools possible - 50% make complete recovery to normal renal function |
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Membranous Glomerulonephritis |
Glomerular Disorder IgG cause thickening of glomerular BM o Associted: SLE, Sjogren, Syphillus, Hep B, o Symptoms: edema, weight gain, hypertenstion, noctura & thrombosis
o Urine: micro hematuria & elevated protein
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· Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis Type 1
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Glomerular Disorder o increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells in megnesium § Thickening of capillary walls § Progress to nephrotic syndrome
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· Membrano-proliferative Glomerulonephritis Type 2
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Glomerular Disorder o extremely dense deposits in the glomerular basement § Experience symptoms of chronic glomerulonephritis
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Chronic Glomerulonephritis |
Glomerular Disorder progression from previous disorders o Symptoms: fatigue, anemia, hypertension, edema & oliguria o Urine: hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria, cellular, granular, waxy and broad casts -Decreased GFR, increased BUN & creatinine levels & electrolyte imbalance |
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IgA Nephropathy (Berger's disease) |
Glomerular Disorder Most common cause of glomerulonephritis o Cause: IgA complexes on glomerular membrane: increase serum IgA o Symptoms: macroscopic hematuria from exercise or infection w spontaneous recovery § 20 years later: gradual progression to chronic glomerulonephritis o Urine: granular and disintegrating RBC casts |
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Nephrotic Syndrome |
Glomerular Disorder o Cause: acute onset from systemic shock (Low BP) or glomerulonephritis complication § Glomerular membrane damage & changes in podocyte electrical charges § Protein passes through membrane; serum albumin depleted · Causes lipid production o Symptoms: edema: loss of oncotic pressure o Urine: marked proteinuria (>3.5g/day) microscopic hematuria, RTE cells & casts, oval fat bodies, fat droplets, fatty and waxy casts
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Minimal Change Disease |
Glomerular Disorder o Cause: damage to podocytes & shield of negativity allows increased protein filtration o Symptoms: seen in children with allergic reactions, immunization, HLA-B12 o Urine: heavy proteinuria, transient hematuria: normal BUN & creatinine levels
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Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis |
Glomerular Disorder Similar to nephrotic syndrome but affects only certain numbers and areas of glomeruli: podocytes are damaged o Cause: IgM and C3 immune deposits: can be seen in undamaged glomeruli § Heroin and analgesic abuse, HIV o Urine: moderate to heavy proteinuria; microscopic hematuria |
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Alport Syndrome |
Tubular Disorder: Inherited sex-linked autosomal disorder affecting BM o Cause: macroscopic hematuria w respiratory infections by age 6 - Males more severely affected - Membrane laminated with thinning; no immune complexes o Urine: mild to persistent hematuria, later nephrotic syndrome, renal failure
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Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease |
Tubular Disorder: Formerly Tamm-Horsfal o Cause: inherited disorder = abnormal buildup or uromodulin in tubular cells § Tubular cells become destroyed § Tamm-Horsfal protein is the only protein actually produced by the kidney o Symptoms: patients have elevated serum uric acid/gout early age before renal symptom
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Diabetic Nephropathy |
Tubular Disorder: Most common cause endstage renal disease o Glomerular BM Thickening § Increased proliferation of mesangial cells § Increased deposition of cellular and non-cellular material within matrix of bowman’s capsule around capillary tufts o Symptoms: sclerosis of vascular structure; reason for early microalbumin testing § Deposition associated with glycosylated proteins from poorly controlled diet
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Acute Tubular Necrosis |
Tubular Disorder: Ischemia (severe decrease in blood flow) o Cause: trauma, surgery, cardiac failure, electricity, toxogenic bacteria, anaphylasix § Nephtoroxic agents = aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, ethylene glycol, heavy metals, mushroom poisoning, hemoglobin, myoglobin o Urine: mild proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, RTE cells/casts, hyaline, waxy, granular
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Fanconi Syndrome |
Tubular Disorder: Substances normally reabsorbed into bloodstream by nephrons are excreted in urine instead o Causes: results in accumulation of various amino acids, glucose, phosphorus, Na & K o Urine: glucosuria, cysteine crystals, mild proteinuria, low pH: no bicarbonate reabsorbed |
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Diabetes Insipidus |
Tubular Disorder: o Urine: pale yellow, large volumes, low specific gravity, negative results for other tests |
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Renal Glycosuria |
Tubular Disorder: Only affects the reabsorption of glucose o Cause: inherited as autosomal recessive § Decreased number of glucose transporters in tubules § Decreased affinity of transporters for glucose
o Symptoms: glycosuria with normal blood glucose level |
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Acute pyelonephritis |
Interstitial Disorder Sudden development of kidney inflammation o Urine Symptoms: numerous WBC’s, hematuria, bacteria, proteinuria, increased pH -also contains WBC casts |
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Chronic pyelonephritis |
Interstitial Disorder Long standing infection that does not clear o Serious condition; can result in permanent damage to kidney & chronic renal failure o Early stages = WBC, RBC, bacteria, protein, increased pH, WBC casts § Late Stages = granular, waxy & broad casts also seen |
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Acute Interstitial Nephritis |
Interstitial Disorder Rapid inflammation renal interstitium, inflammation of renal tubule o Symptoms: onset rapidly: oliguria, edema, decreased renal concentrating ability (GFR) o Cause: medication allergy to penicillin, methicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins, sulfonamides, NSAIDS, ant thiazide diuretics o Urine: hematuria, mild to moderate proteinuria, increase WBC, WBC casts, no bacteria : urine eosinophil test; increased |
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Acute Renal Failure |
Interstitial Disorder Sudden onset, often reversible o Casues: ↓ blood flow (pre-renal) acute disease (renal) renal calculi & tumors (post) Pre-Renal = decreased blood pressure/cardiac output, hemorrhage, burns, surgery, septicemia |
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Chronic Renal Failure |
Interstitial Disorder Progression varies from several months to many years in four stages stages o Urine: Proteinuria, hemoglobinuria, waxy & broad casts, crystals § Azotemia, anemia, and hypertension
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Renal Lithistasis |
Interstitial Disorder renal calculi (kidney stones) in calyces & pelvis or kidney, ureters & bladdero Urine: microscopic hematuria due to irritation of tissues by moving calculus o Symptoms: back pain radiating from lover back to legs when passing
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