Pdis 2 Physical And Chemical Incompatibilities

Front 1

Problem which could occur as a result of interaction between 2 or more drugs or chemicals

Back 1

Incompatibilities

Front 2

Physical Incompatibilities

Back 2

• Incomplete solution

• Precipitation from solution

• Polymorphism

• Liquefaction of solid ingredients

• Sorption and leaching

• Evaporation

• Loss of water

Front 3

Causes: Insolubility of components, immiscibility of components

Determine the solubility, polarity and miscibility of components

Back 3

Incomplete Solution

Front 4

Inability of the material to dissolve in a particular solvent system

Back 4

Insolubility

Front 5

Problem encounter in what dosage form?

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Solution

Front 6

Remedy when a solid substance fails to dissolves in a liquid?

Back 6

Prepare a suspension

Front 7

Condition wherein 2 or more liquids fails to dissolve or mix with one another

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Immiscibility

Front 8

Problem encountered in what dosage form?

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Emulsion

Front 9

When 2 solutions are mixed one aqueous and another an alcoholic, there is a great possibility of forming solids that come out due to the change in the solvent

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Change of Solvent System

Front 10

The solubility of most drugs decreases as the temperature of the solution decreases

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Change of Temperature

Front 11

Alkaline salts like potassium penicillin when placed on an acidic solution – precipitation of penicillin

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Change in pH

Front 12

Competitive process wherein the molecule of a substance competes for the water in solution forming precipitate; - An electrolyte is added in solid form to a solution of an organic non-electrolyte. The non-electrolyte will be precipitated

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Salting–out

Remedy: Use other solvent

Front 13

Inert properties of some drugs and even substances like ampicillin, barbiturates,hydrocortisone, and sulfa drugs. - Change in crystalline form - Different polymorphs will exhibit different physical properties, such as melting point and dissolution rates = =affects bioavailability

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Polymorphism

Front 14

When used as base for suppositories is overheated, it may melt at room temperature or liquefy when handled during insertion.

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Cocoa Butter

Front 15

Cocoa Butter

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Alpha: 18°Celcius Beta: 22°C Beta Prime: 28°C Beta Stable: 34°C

Front 16

Due to ability to absorb or give off water upon exposure

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Liquefaction

Front 17

Lowering of melting point of the substances § Examples include aspirin, antipyrine, salicylates, salol, menthol, thymol

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Eutexia

Front 18

Substances which absorb moisture from the air but do not dissolve Examples: Hygroscopic substances: Sorbitol, CMC, Dextran

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Hygroscopy

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Absorbs moisture from the atmosphere forming water of hydration and dissolves in the absorbed moisture. Substances: Sodium permanganate, Chlorides, Magnesium, Aluminum, Zinc, Calcium, Metacholine CI

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Deliquescence

Front 20

Molecules being absorbed are penetrating into the capillary spaces of the absorbing surface

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Absorption

Front 21

Molecules are concentrating at the interface.

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Adsorption

Front 22

Commonly occur in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers - due to plasticizer

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Sorption

Front 23

For drugs that contain surfactants or cosolvents = carcinogenic based on study in animals

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Leaching

Front 24

Use container substitute (glass, polyvinyl, polyethylene, polyurethrane)

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Strategy for Leaching

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Process of liberation of the active ingredients

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Vaporization / Volatilization

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Formation of gel, cement, sediment, or aggregates

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Solidification

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-Occurs as a result of chemical interaction among the ingredients of a given prescription. - Visible change in the reaction is not necessarily observed but can be determined by analytical method

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Chemical Incompatibilities

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Occurs when one drug losses electron to the other Triggered by light, heavy metals, oxygen, oxidizing agents

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Oxidation

Front 29

Most common type of incompatibility and drug degradation - Triggered by presence of water, acids, bases, catalyst e.g. dextrose

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Hydrolysis

Front 30

Forming inactive complex e.g. tetracycline with multivalent ions – Strategy: Avoid combining tetracycline with drug or food containing multivalent ions (milk, antacid, iron supplements, calcium supplements)

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Complexation/Chelation

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Action or process of changing from an optically active compound into a racemic compound or an optically inactive mixture

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Racemization

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Chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to form larger molecules that contain repeating structural unit

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Polymerization