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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the number two death by any means in the United States?
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Cancer
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T/F Cancer is the number one killer of persons under 85 years old.
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True
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List the top five causes of death in the United States.
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Heart Disease
Cancer Cerebrovascular Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease Accidents |
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What are the top four cancers that kill?
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Lung/bronchus
Colorectal Breast Prostate |
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How is cancer described?
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disease of aging
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T/F Cancer of the pancreas, bladder, and uterus are associated with smoking.
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True
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A disease of growth, cell division, and differentiation
Defined as a mass of tissue, the growth of which is incoordinate with the surrounding normal tissues and that persists in the absence of the inciting stimulus. |
Cancer
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Can only occur in tissue that retain the capacity to replicate.
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Parenchymal Regeneration
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Continue to multiply throughout life
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Liable cells
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retain the latent capacity to regenerate
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Stable cells
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Cannont regenerate
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Permanent cells
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Proliferation of fibroblast and capillary buds.
Subsequent laying down of collagen to produce scar. Results in the loss of specialized parenchymal function. |
Stromal Repair
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An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.
May be physiological or pathologic Cells are essentially normal. |
Hyperplasia
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Adaptive substitution of one type for another.
Often has some loss of specialized function by usually is reversible. |
Metaplasia
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Transition between metaplasia and dysplasia
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Atypical Metaplasia
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Loss in the uniformity of the individual cells, and loss in their architectural orientation. Associated with chronic irritation or inflammation. Usually reversible.
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Dysplasia
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Dysplasia is mainly encountered in what type of cells?
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Epithelium
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A failure of differentiation of reserve or stem cells.
Marked pleomorphism Not reversible |
Anaplasia
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An abnormal mass of tissue
Irreversible |
Neoplasia
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Remains localized
Cannot spread Tend to become enclosed within a fibrous capsule. Generally amenable to local surgical removal and survival of patient. |
Benign Neoplasm
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Implies is can invade and destroy adjacent structures, and spread to distance sites to cause death.
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Malignant Neoplasm
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What are the two components of Malignant Neoplasms?
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Parenchyma: proliferating neoplastic cells
Stroma: supporting connective tissue, blood vessels, and possibly lymphatics |
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The ability of cancer cells to disseminate to distant sites.
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Metastasis
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List the four pathways of metastasism
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Seeding thruout the body cavity
Direct transplantation Lymphatic permeation Transport through blood vessels |
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The extent to which cells resemble their normal forebears and achieve their fully mature, specialized, functional, and morphologic characteristics.
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Differentitation
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No specialized characteristics resemble an embryonic, primitive stem cell
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Poorly differentiated cells
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Have a high level of specialization
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Well-differentiated cells
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Describe the differentiations of benign neoplasms.
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Extremely well differentiated
Cells closely resemble the tissue of origin. |
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What is the suffix attached to the name of a benign neoplasm?
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-OMA
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Arising from mesenchymal tissue
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Sarcomas
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Arising from epithelial cells
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Carcinomas
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Programmed cell death
Activation of p53 gene |
Apoptosis
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(Tumor Grading) Well differentiated; cells resemble tissue of origin; retain some specialized function
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Grade 1
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(Tumor Grading) Moderately differentiated; show less resemblance to tissue of origin; more variation; increased mitoses
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Grade 2
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(Tumor Grading) poorly differentiated ; cells don't resemble tissue of origin; much variation; increased mitoses
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Grade 3
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(Tumor Grading) Very poorly differentiated; no resemblance to tissue of origin; great variation (very anaplastic
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Grade 4
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Explain the TNM grading system
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T0-T3 primary tumor size
N0-N2 lymph node involvement M0-M2 extent of metastasis |
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Cell cyle: when DNA is synthesized
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S Phase
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Cell cycle: gap between mitosis and the S phase. Dedicated to fulfilling the specialized function of a given cell type.
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G1 phase
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Cell cycle: the gap between the end of S phase and mitosis. The time require to organize the nucleus for mitosis.
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G2 phase
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Cell cycle: when mitosis occurs
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M phase
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Cell cycle: outside the loop. Cells do not respond to signals that normally prompt initiation of DNA synthesis.
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G0 phase
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How long does it take normal human cells to go through the cell cycle.
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1 to 2 days
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How long does it take most malignant cells to go through the cell cycle?
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2 to 3 days
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T/F tumor cells contain varying degrees of differentiation.
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True
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Tumor response to a drug is best assessed by the measuring of the survival of what cells?
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The clonogenic or stem cells
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How do tumors grow and what would their growth rate graph out as?
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Tumors grow exponentially
Asymmetric sigmoidal curve |
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List the four factors that influence the shape of the tumor growth curve.
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hypoxia
nutrient/hormone supply toxic metabolites inhibitory cell-to-cell communication |
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Wasting
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Cachexia
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what probably contributes to the wasting in humans with cancer?
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)
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Change in the tumor suppressor gene is what?
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A recessive trait
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T/F It takes only one accident within a cell for it to become a tumor.
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False- considerable evidence indicated that several independent accidents must occur in one cell in order for tumor development to begin.
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