Pathophysiology Chapter 17 Digestive System Disorders

Front 1

What word describes a localized pocket of infection or purulent exudate surrounded by inflammation?

Back 1

abcesses

Front 2

What word describes a band of fibrous scar tissue forming an abnormal connection between two surfaces or structures (ie binding two loops of intestine together)?

Back 2

adhesions

Front 3

What word describes the abnormal destruction of tissues by activated digestive enzymes?

Back 3

autodigestion (occurs in acute pancreatitis)

Front 4

What word describes a round mass of food ready to be swallowed?

Back 4

bolus

Front 5

What word describes a stone developing in the body?

Back 5

calculus

Front 6

What word describes the obstructed flow of bile in the liver or biliary tract?

Back 6

cholestasis

Front 7

What word describes thick, semifluid mixture of partially digested food passing out of the stomach into the duodenum?

Back 7

chyme

Front 8

What word describes the surgical creation of an artificial opening from the colon onto the abdominal surface?

Back 8

colostomy

Front 9

What word describes the production of glucose from protein or fat?

Back 9

gluconeogenesis

Front 10

What word describes a hard mass of feces, often impacted, in the intestine?

Back 10

fecalith

Front 11

What word defines a polysaccharide, made up of glucose molecules, stored in skeletal muscle or liver?

Back 11

glycogen

Front 12

What word describes vomiting blood?

Back 12

hematemesis (usually called "coffee ground vomitus because of the appearance)

Front 13

What word describes a double layer of peritoneum that attaches to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and supports the small intestines?

Back 13

mesentery

Front 14

What word refers to the number of times a woman or female animal has given birth?

Back 14

multiparity

Front 15

What word describes abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood?

Back 15

hyperbilirubinemia

Front 16

What is another word for jaundice?

Back 16

icterus

Front 17

What word describes a surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus?

Back 17

ileostomy

Front 18

What word describes a blockage of the bowel with stool that results in severe constipation?

Back 18

impaction

Front 19

What is another word for chewing?

Back 19

mastication

Front 20

What word describes abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood?

Back 20

melena (sign of an upper GI bleed)

Front 21

What word describes small, hidden amounts of blood detectable in a stool test?

Back 21

occult

Front 22

What is another word for itching?

Back 22

pruritus

Front 23

What word describes the location behind the peritoneal membrane against the abdominal wall?

Back 23

retroperitoneal

Front 24

What word is a term used in anatomy that refers to a series of ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ? (Most commonly the term is applied to the internal surface of the stomach)

Back 24

rugae

Front 25

What word defines a rumbling sound made by the movement of gas in the intestines heard from a distance?

Back 25

borborygmus

Front 26

What inflammatory lesion is associated with streptococcus sanguies and present as small painful lesions on movable mucosa, buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate, or the lateral borders of the tongue?

Back 26

aphthous ulcers

Front 27

What term describes frequent bulky, greasy, loose stools that are foul in odor?

Back 27

steatorrhea (characteristic of malabsorption syndromes - celiac disease or cystic fibrosis)

Front 28

What is another word for stenosis?

Back 28

stricture

Front 29

What word describes a painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces?

Back 29

tenesmus (associated with irritable bowel syndrome)

Front 30

What is the condition called in which part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity?

Back 30

Hiatal Hernia

Front 31

What is the word that defines the formation of gallstones?

Back 31

cholelithiasis

Front 32

What is the word that describes the inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct?

Back 32

cholecystitis

Front 33

What is the word that describes the inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts?

Back 33

Cholangitis

Front 34

What is the word that describes the obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones?

Back 34

Choledocholithiasis

Front 35

What type of jaudice is the result of excessive destruction of red blood cells?

Back 35

Prehepatic

Front 36

What type of jaundice occurs with disease or damage to hepatocytes?

Back 36

Intrahepatic

Front 37

What type of jaundice is caused by the obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum?

Back 37

Posthepatic

Front 38

What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as enlargement of the liver and is often asymptomatic and reversible with reduced alcohol intake?

Back 38

Initial stage / fatty liver

Front 39

What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as inflammation with cell necrosis and fibrous tissue formation (an irreversible change)?

Back 39

Second Stage / Alcoholic hepatitis

Front 40

What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as fibrotic tissue replacing normal tissue with little normal function remaining?

Back 40

Third Stage / end-stage cirrhosis

Front 41

What enzyme is defective in celiac disease?

Back 41

gliadin (breaks down gluten)

Front 42

What word describes megacolon in children?

Back 42

Hirschsprung disease

Front 43

What word describes the twisting of the intestine?

Back 43

Volvulus

Front 44

Dehydration, acidosis, and malnutrition are complications associated with what two general conditions?

Back 44

Anorexia and vomiting

Front 45

What can be stimulated by distention, irritation, inflammation of the digestive track?

Back 45

Nausea

Front 46

What can be stimulated by smells, visual images, pain, and chemical toxins and/or drugs?

Back 46

Nausea

Front 47

Where is the vomiting center located?

Back 47

medulla

Front 48

What are the 6 steps of vomiting reflex?

Back 48

Deep inspiration, closing glottis & raising the soft palate, ceasing respiration, relaxing the gastroesophageal sphincter, contracting the abdominal muscles, and reverse peristaltic waves

Front 49

What is the presence of blood in the vomitus called?

Back 49

Hematemesis (coffe ground)

Front 50

What is the presence of yellow or green stained vomitus indicate?

Back 50

Bile from the duodenum

Front 51

What does a deep brown color volmitus indicate?

Back 51

Content from lower intestine

Front 52

What does recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicate?

Back 52

Problem with gastric emptying or infection

Front 53

What can prolonged diarrhea lead to?

Back 53

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition

Front 54

What term describes watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine from the plasma which is often related to infection and includes limited reabsorption due to reversal of normal carriers for sodium or glucose?

Back 54

Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)

Front 55

What term describes stools that may contain blood, mucus, or pus while often accompanied by abdominal cramps and tenesmus and is often due to inflammatory bowel disease?

Back 55

Small-volume diarrhea (tenesmus = painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces)

Front 56

What term describes red blood that usually originates from lesions in the rectum or anal canal?

Back 56

Frank blood

Front 57

What are possible causes of gas?

Back 57

Swallowed air, bacterial action on food, food or alterations in motility

Front 58

What condition is associated with less frequent bowel movements than normal, small hard stools, can be acute or chronic, and sometimes associated with decreased peristalisis?

Back 58

Constipation

Front 59

What are common causes of constipation?

Back 59

Weakness of smooth muscle due to age or illness, inadequate dietary fiber, inadequate fluid intake, failure to respond to defecation reflex, immobility, neurologic disorders, some antacids or iron medications, obstructions caused by tumors or strictures

Front 60

Loss of hydrochloric acid from vomiting often results in?

Back 60

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 61

Severe vomiting leading to the loss of bicarbonate from the duodenal secretions often results in?

Back 61

Metabolic acidosis

Front 62

What type of visceral pain is associated with inflammation and ulceration in the upper digestive tract?

Back 62

Burning sensation

Front 63

What type of visceral pain is associated with stretching of the lliver capsule?

Back 63

Dull, aching pain

Front 64

What type of visceral pain is associated with inflammation, distention, and stretching of the intestines?

Back 64

Cramping or diffuse pain

Front 65

What type of visceral pain is associated with recurrent smooth muscle spasms or contractions that are a response to severe inflammation or obstruction?

Back 65

Colicky (usually severe pain)

Front 66

What term describes the type of pain that is identified over an area of inflammation when pressure is released?

Back 66

Rebound tenderness

Front 67

What type of pain is described as steady, intense, often well-localized abominal pain that includes involvement or inflammation of parietal peritoneum?

Back 67

Somatic pain

Front 68

What type of pain is perceived at a site different from the origin?

Back 68

Referred pain

Front 69

What type of pain results when visceral and somatic nerves converge at one spinal cord level?

Back 69

Referred pain

Front 70

What two diagnostic test may use radioactive tracers?

Back 70

CT and MRI (can be used for liver and pancreatic abnormalities)

Front 71

What is the congenital disorder that arise in the 6th or 7th week of gestation, results in feeding problem of the infant, impairs speech development, and is usually multifactorial in origin?

Back 71

Cleft lip and cleft palate

Front 72

What is the causative organism in thrush?

Back 72

Candida albicans

Front 73

What conditions predispose a person to developing thrush?

Back 73

People on broad spectrum antibiotics, people undergoing cancer therapy, immunocompromised, diabetics

Front 74

What is the causative microbe of Syphilis?

Back 74

Treponema pallidum

Front 75

What are the characteristics of the primary stage of Syphilis and how long does this stage last?

Back 75

Characteristics include chancre (painless ulcer) on tongue, lip, or palate. This stage lasts 1 to 2 weeks

Front 76

What are the characteristics of the secondary stage of syphilis?

Back 76

Red macules or papules on palate (highly infectious)

Front 77

What is the general treatment for syphilis?

Back 77

Penicillin

Front 78

What are the two causative microbes included in dental caries?

Back 78

Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus

Front 79

What chemical is mentioned as being responsible for dental caries?

Back 79

Lactic acid

Front 80

What is the "treatment" for caries?

Back 80

Fluoride

Front 81

Inadequate oral hygiene and toothbrush trauma which can lead to plaque build up are associated with what dental problem?

Back 81

Gingivitis

Front 82

Infection and damage to periodontal ligament and bone is associated with what dental disease?

Back 82

Periodontal disease

Front 83

What is the predisposing condition for periodontal disease?

Back 83

Gingivitis

Front 84

What is the pathology of periodontitis?

Back 84

The organisms enter the gingival blood vessels and travel to the connective tissues and bone of the dental arch

Front 85

What is the term that describes the thickening of the outer layer of skin?

Back 85

Hyperkeratosis

Front 86

What type of hyperkeratosis is described as a whitish plaque or epidermal thickening of the mucosa that occurs on buccal mucosa, palate, or the lower lip and can result in squamous cell carcinoma?

Back 86

Leukoplakia

Front 87

What is the common type of oral cancer?

Back 87

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 88

What are the characteristics of a person that is likely to get squamous cell carcinoma? Where does it often occur?

Back 88

Those who are smokers, have preexisting leukoplakia, or abuse alcohol often are at higher risk of getting squamous cell carcinoma. This often occurs at the floor of the mouth and lateral borders of the tongue

Front 89

What patients are predisposed to acquiring Kaposi sarcoma?

Back 89

aids patients

Front 90

Lip cancer has a better or worse prognosis than most other cancers?

Back 90

Better

Front 91

What gland is most often affected in sialadenitis (inflammation of the salivary glands)?

Back 91

Parotid

Front 92

What virus infects the parotid glands and has a vaccine available?

Back 92

Mumps

Front 93

Noninfectious parotitis is usually caused by?

Back 93

Lack of adequate fluid intake and mouth care in adults

Front 94

What are the three main causes of dysphagia?

Back 94

Difficulty swallowing is usually caused by neurologica deficit, muscular disorder, and mechanical obstruction

Front 95

What type of cancer is esophageal cancer?

Back 95

Primarily squamous cell carcinoma

Front 96

What are the common associated chronic irrations with esophageal cancer and where does it usually occur?

Back 96

Usually occurs at the distal end and is associated with chronic esophagitis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse, and smoking

Front 97

What is failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax due to lack of innervation called?

Back 97

achalasia

Front 98

What term describes part of the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity?

Back 98

Hiatal Hernia

Front 99

What is the more common type of hiatal hernia in which part of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphram?

Back 99

Sliding hernia

Front 100

What is the type of hiatal hernia in which part of the fundus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphram and may become trapped?

Back 100

Rolling or paraesophageal hernia

Front 101

What are the signs associated with Hiatal Hernia?

Back 101

heatburn, pyrosis, frequent belching, increased discomfort when laying down, substernal pain that may radiate to the shoulder and jaw

Front 102

What term describes the periodic reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causing erosion and inflammation?

Back 102

GERD or gastroesophageal disease

Front 103

The severity of GERD, or gastroesophageal disease, depends of what?

Back 103

Competence of the lower esophageal sphincter and delayed gastric emptying

Front 104

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa with possible ulcers or bleed is characterized in which condition?

Back 104

Acute gastritis

Front 105

Atrophy of the stomach mucosa with possible loss of secretory glands, reduced production of intrinsic factor, and sometimes accompanied by H. pylori infection is characterized by which condition?

Back 105

Chronic gastritis

Front 106

What is the condition characterized by inflammation of stomach and intestine?

Back 106

Gastroenteritis

Front 107

What are the possible causes of gastroenteritis?

Back 107

Usually infection but can include allergens to foods or drugs. Usually is self limiting

Front 108

What is the etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease?

Back 108

H pylori

Front 109

Where does PUD (peptic ulcer disease) normally occur?

Back 109

Proximal duodenum and antrum of the stomach

Front 110

What is the predominant factor in duodenal ulcers?

Back 110

Increased acid secretions

Front 111

In PUD, what are the causes of increased acid-pepsin secretions?

Back 111

Increased gastrin secretion, increased vagal nerve stimulation, increased sensitivity to vagal stimuli, increased number of acid-pepsin sectretory cells in the stomach (genetics), increased stimulation of acid pepsin secretion by alcohol caffeine or certain foods, interference with normal feedback mechanisms, rapid gastric emptying

Front 112

In PUD, what are some external causes of ulcers?

Back 112

Ulcerogenic susbstances (NSAIDS, alcohol), glucocortcoids, and inadequate blood supply induced by stress, smoking, or shock.

Front 113

What are the signs and symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers?

Back 113

Epigastric burning or localized pain usually following stomach emptying

Front 114

What are the treatments for gastric and duodenal ulcers?

Back 114

Reduction of exacerbating factors, combination of antimicrobial and proton pump inhibitors to eliminate H pylori

Front 115

What are complications associated with peptic ulcers?

Back 115

Hemorrhage (first sign of PUD), perforation (results in peritonitis) , and obstruction(from scar tissue)

Front 116

What kind of ulcer is usually associated with severe trauma (burns, head injury) or systemic problems (hemorrhage or sepsis)?

Back 116

stress ulcers

Front 117

What type of ulcer is usually rapid in onset with multiple ulcers forming within hours of precipitating event?

Back 117

Stress ulcers

Front 118

Where does gastric cancer usually occur and in what kind of tissue?

Back 118

Usually occurs in the antrum or pyloric area. The tissue is usually the mucous glands

Front 119

What are the causative agents of gastric cancer and what is the prognosis?

Back 119

Diet is a key factor in gastric cancer, particularly smoked foods, nitrities, and nitrates. Genetics also plays a role.

Front 120

What term describes loss of control of gastric emptying with the contents passed onto the duodenum without complete digestion?

Back 120

Dumping syndrome

Front 121

In dumping syndrome, hyperosmolar chyme draws fluid from vascular compartment into the intestine. What does this result in?

Back 121

Intestinal distention, increased intestinal motility, decreased blood pressure, anxiety, and syncope.

Front 122

Does hypo or hyper glycemia occur 2 to 3 hours after a meal in dumping syndrome?

Back 122

Hypoglycemia

Front 123

What is the treatment for dumping syndrome?

Back 123

Frequent small meals that are high in protein and low in simple sugar carbs

Front 124

What is the condition that primarily appears several weeks after birth that is characterized by projectile vomiting following feeding, firm mass felt in at the pylorus, and a lack of weight gain?

Back 124

Pyloric stenosis

Front 125

What do gallstones generally consist of?

Back 125

Cholesterol, bile pigment, mixed content with calcium salts

Front 126

What are the risk factors for gallstones?

Back 126

Fat, female, high cholesterol in bile, high cholesterol intake, multiparity, any external estrogen or progesterone intake, hemolytic anemia, alcoholic cirrhosis, biliary tract infection

Front 127

What are the signs and symptoms of large calculi obstruction of gallbladder duct?

Back 127

Radiating pain, N&V, jaundice

Front 128

What are 5 types of hepatitis?

Back 128

Inflammation of the liver, alcoholic (fatty liver), idiopathic (fatty liver), viral hepatitis, infection elsewhere in the body (infectious mononucleosis or amebiasis), and chemical or drug toxicity

Front 129

What word defines progressive destruction of the liver?

Back 129

Cirrhosis

Front 130

What are the common causes of cirrhosis?

Back 130

Alcoholic liver disease, billary cirrhosis (immune disorder), postnecrotic cirrhosis (from chronic hep or long exposure to chemicals), metabolic (genetic)

Front 131

In what ways does cirrhosis degenerate the liver function?

Back 131

Extensive diffuse fibrosis interferes with blood supply, leads to possible bile backup, loss of lobular organization

Front 132

What condition is associated with a decreased removal and conjugation of bilirubin, decreased production of bile, impaired digestion and absorption of nutrients, decreased production of blood-clotting factors, impaired glycogen metabolism, impared conversion of ammonia to urea, decreation inactivation of hormones and drugs, and decreased removal of toxic substances, reduction of bile entering the intestine, backup of bile in the liver (obstructive jaundice), blockage of blood flow through the liver (portal hypertension), and congestion of the spleen (increased hemolysis), inadequate storage of iron and b12, congestion in intestinal walls and stomach, development of esophageal varices, and development of ascites?

Back 132

cirrhosis

Front 133

What are ascites?

Back 133

Accumulation of fluid in the peritonel cavity

Front 134

What signs and symptoms are characteristic of initial cirrhosis?

Back 134

Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, anemia, diarrhea, dull aching pain in the upper right quadrant

Front 135

What are the s&s of advanced cirrhosis?

Back 135

Ascites and peripheral edema, increased bruising, esophageal varices, jaundice, encephalopathy

Front 136

What are possible treatments for cirrhosis?

Back 136

Avoidance of alcohol or specific cause, dietary restrictions, balancing electrolytes, paracentesis, antibiotics to reduce intestinal flora, liver transplant

Front 137

What are two types of liver cancer?

Back 137

Hepatocellular carcinoma and secondary (or metastatic) cancer (originates elsewhere)

Front 138

What is the pathology of pancreatitis?

Back 138

autodigestion of the tissue.

Proenzyme trypinogen activates to trypsin and activates other proenzymes into active foarms

Front 139

Does the pancreas have a capsule?

Back 139

No. Pancreatitis can lead to tissue destruction in local tissues beyond pancreas.

Front 140

What are possible etiologies of acute pancreatitis?

Back 140

Gallstones, alcohol abuse, intake of a large meal

Front 141

What are the S&S of acute pancreatitis?

Back 141

The primary symptoms are epigastric pain radiating to the back. Signs include shock, lowgrade fever, abdominal distention and decreased bowels sounds.

Front 142

What is the treatment for acute pancreatitis?

Back 142

Oral intake is stopped, treatment for shock and electrolyte imbalance if present, analgesics for pain

Front 143

What is the name of the most common form of pancreatic cancer that arises from the epithelial cells in the ducts?

Back 143

Adenocarcinoma

Front 144

What is the prognosis for pancreatic cancer?

Back 144

95% mortality rate

Front 145

What is the name of the disease associated with malabsorption, is primarily a childhood disorder, seems to have a genetic link, and is a lack of a functional protein that breaks down gliadin?

Back 145

Celiac disease (unable to process gluten-giladin is breakdown of gluten.)

Front 146

What physiological effect does celiac disease have upon a person who ingests gluten?

Back 146

A toxic effect on the intestinal villi that cause atrophy of the villi with subsequent malabsorption and malnutrition occurs

Front 147

When does celiac disease generally occur?

Back 147

4 to 6 months of age when cereals are added

Front 148

What is the treatment for Celiac disease?

Back 148

gluten free diet. Inestinal mucosa returns to normal after a few weeks without gluten

Front 149

What are manifestations associated with Celiac disease?

Back 149

Steatorrhea, muscle wasting, failure to gain weight, irritability, malaise

Front 150

What are two types of chronic inflammatory bowel disease?

Back 150

Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis

Front 151

When does crohn's diesease usually occur? Ulcerative colitis?

Back 151

Crohn's usually occurs during adolescence while ulcerative colitis occurs in the second or third decade.

Front 152

Where in the digestive tract does crohns occur?

Back 152

May occur in any area. Frequently occurs in small intestine

Front 153

In crohns disease, affected areas of inflammation that are separated by areas of normal tissue are referred to as what?

Back 153

"skip lesions"

Front 154

What is a treatment for crohns disease?

Back 154

Glucocorticoids

Front 155

What is the pathophysiology of crohns disease?

Back 155

Progressive inflammation and fibrosis often causing obstructed areas. Damaged walls impair processing and absorption of food. Inflammation stimulates intestinal motility. Adhesions between loops and fistulas may form.

Front 156

Where does ulcerative colitis normally start? Where does it progress to?

Back 156

Rectum then progresses through the colon

Front 157

What are treatments for IBD?

Back 157

Anti-inflammatory drugs, antimotility drugs, nutritional supplements, antimicrobials, surgical resection (colostomy or ileostomy)

Front 158

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the first?

Back 158

Obstruction of the appendiceal lumen by a fecalith, gallstone, or foreign material

Front 159

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the second?

Back 159

Fluid builds up inside the appendix which leads to microorganisms proliferating

Front 160

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the third?

Back 160

Appendiceal wall becomes inflamed with purulent exudate formed. Appendix is swollen.

Front 161

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the fourth?

Back 161

Ischemia and necrosis of the wall occurs which results in increased permeability

Front 162

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the fifth?

Back 162

Bacteria and toxins escape into the surroundings

Front 163

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the sixth?

Back 163

Abscess may develop which may lead to inflammation and pain temporarily subsiding

Front 164

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the seventh?

Back 164

Localized infection or peritonitis develops around the appendix that can spread along the peritoneal membranes

Front 165

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the eighth?

Back 165

Increased necrosis and gangrene occurs in the wall due to increasing pressure within the appendix

Front 166

There are 9 steps to appendicitis, what is the nineth/

Back 166

Appendix rupture r perforates releasing its contents into the peritoneal cavity leading to generalized peritonitis

Front 167

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

Back 167

Surgical removal of appendix and antimicrobial drugs

Front 168

What are the S&S of appendicitis?

Back 168

General periumbilical pain, N&V, LRQ pain with rebound tenderness at McBurneys point

Front 169

What are the S&S of appendicitis after peritonitis develops?

Back 169

Board-like abdomen, tachycardia, hypotension (from toxins in blood)

Front 170

What is the word that describes an outpouching (herniation) of the mucosa through the muscular layer of the colon?

Back 170

Diverticulum

Front 171

Where do diverticulum form?

Back 171

gaps between muscle layers

Front 172

What are the treatments for diverticulitis?

Back 172

Antimicrobials, dietary modifications to prevent stasis

Front 173

What causes inflammation and infection in diverticular disease?

Back 173

The stasis of material in the diverticula

Front 174

What S&S are associated with stasis of material in the diverticula?

Back 174

LLQ Cramping, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, slight fever, elevated WBC count

Front 175

What age group does colorectal cancer normally occur in?

Back 175

> 55

Front 176

In colorectal cancer, what do most malignancies develop from?

Back 176

Adenomatous polyps

Front 177

What are risk factors for colorectal cancer?

Back 177

Familial multiple polyposis, long term ulcerative colitis, genetic factors, environmental factors (ie low fiber, high fat and sugar diet)

Front 178

What are the S&S for colorectal cancer?

Back 178

Change in bowel habits (alternating diarrhea and constipation), bleeding, fatigue, weight loss, anemia

Front 179

What is the treatment for colorectal cancer?

Back 179

Surgical removal and/or chemotherapy, radiation

Front 180

Where is the most common place for an intestinal obstruction?

Back 180

Small intestine

Front 181

What can cause an intestinal obstruction?

Back 181

Mechanical obstructions (tumors, adhesions, hernias, tangible obstructions) and function/adynamic obstructions (impairment of peristalsis) that include spinal cord injury leading to lack of propultion of the instesint referred to pararlytic ileus.

Front 182

What are possible causes of chemical peritonitis?

Back 182

Enzymes released with pancreatitis, urine leaking from a ruptured bladder, chyme spilled from a perforated ulcer, bile escaping from the ruptured gallbladder, any foreign material in the cavity

Front 183

What are possible causes of bacterial peritonitis?

Back 183

Direct trauma to the intestine, ruptured appendix, intestinal obstruction and gangrene

Front 184

What are the signs and symptoms of peritonitis?

Back 184

Sudden and severe generalized abdominal pain, vomiting, abdominal distention, localized tenderness, dehydration, hypovolemia, low blood pressure, tachycardia, fever, leukocytosis

Front 185

What are the treatments for peritonitis?

Back 185

Massive antimicrobial drugs, possibly surgery

Front 186

What are the possible treatments for intestinal obstruction?

Back 186

Treatment of unnderlying cause, fluid and electrolyte replacement, surgery, antimicrobial therapy

Front 187

What are S&S of large intestine obstruction?

Back 187

Constipation, mild abdominal pain, abdominal distention, anorexia, vomiting, finally severe pain