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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the substances which continually challenge the body and post a threat to it?
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Antigens
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What two types of cells are involved in the immune response to antigenic challenges?
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B & T
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What does humoral immunity create?
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Antibody
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How many classes of immunoglobulin are there?
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5 |
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Give 2 facts about IGG
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Infection (pathogens) only Ig to cross placenta
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Give 2 facts about IGE
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Parasites / binds to allergens (release of basophils and histamine from mast cells)
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What are the 4 main types of T cell?
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Helper – assists other white blood cells in immunological process
T regulator – shuts down T cell mediated immunity towards the end of an immune reaction Cytotoxic – destroy virally infected cells and tumour cells Memory – subset of antigen specific T cells that persist long after an infection is resolved |
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What is the definition of anaerobic respiratory?
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Absence of oxygen
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What two processes are used in anaerobic respiration?
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Glycolysis and fermentation
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What is the definition of aerobic respiration?
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In the presence of oxygen
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What 4 processes are used in aerobic respiration?
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Glycolysis
conversion citric acid cycle (krebs) electron transport chain |
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What is the total ATP produced by aerobic respiration?
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38 |
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Name 3 structures involved in first line natural barrier defence
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Epithelial cells of the skin
skin temperature membrane linings of the Gi GU and Resp tract(de-sloughing of dead skin cells, mucous production, cilia in lungs, coughing, vomiting and urinating) |
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What are the 5 signs and symptoms of inflammation?
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Redness
heat pain swelling loss of function |
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During the inflammatory process the blood slows down so that the immune cells remain at the site? True or False |
True |
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There is a decrease in the permeability of the vessels. True or false? |
False |
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Name 3 of the many cells involved in the inflammatory process |
Neutrophils leucocytes macrophages eosinophil basophil ETC (there are others) |
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What is atherosclerosis? |
Arteries become hardened and inflexible due to deposits of hard, fatty plaque in arterial linings. Plaques contain cholesterol and other lipids |
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Name 2 risk factors of atherosclerosis? |
Age smoking high levels of glucose high lipids hypertension post menopause |
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These risk factors cause a major component of this process to move through the endothelium into the intima – what is it |
LDL |
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What cells form fatty streaks? |
Foam cells |
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Platelet derived growth factor causes what to migrate into the intima? |
Smooth muscle cells |
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What ruptures to release the thrombogenic core?
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Fibrotic cap – now have atherosclerosis
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Stage 2 hypertension has a diastolic pressure of > 100mmHg. True / false |
True |
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What is primary hypertension? |
A persistently elevated BP which cannot be attributed to any cause |
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There are many lifestyle changes that a person can make to reduce BP – name 2 |
No smoking reduce alcohol reduce salt exercise manage stress |
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Name 3 organs which are damaged by hypertension |
Brain kidney heart |
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Give one reason why having hypertension increases the risk of a stroke or heart disease |
Accelerates atherosclerosis development – coronary heart disease Increased systemic vascular resistanceIncreases cardiac afterload (myocardial dilatation) Narrow lumens of renal arteries – damages glomeruli Causes rupture of arteries in the brain |
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Name one test that the nurse can do to check for damaging effects of hypertension |
Urine test – CKD Plasma glucose Electrolyte creatinine Serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol 12 lead ECG |
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Name 3 symptoms of asthma |
Wheeze tightness of chest cough breathlessness |
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Atopic asthma is genetically determined. True / false? |
True |
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In atopic asthma – name 2 conditions that you are likely to see in other family members? |
Asthma eczema hay fever allergic rhinitis |
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Name 2 common triggers for asthma |
Pollen house dust mite animal dander viral infection drugs menstrual cycle cold air exercise |
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When early phase inflammatory mediators invade the surrounding tissue in the airways - name one thing that happens |
Tissue swelling oedema mucus secretion smooth muscle contraction |
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Name one clinical feature of life threatening asthma |
PEFR less that 33% Silent chest Poor air entry / feeble respiratory effortCyanosis Bradycardia Hypotension SPO2 <92% PaCO2 4.6 – 6.0 KPa PaO2 < 8KPa Arrhythmia Exhaustion / confusion / coma |
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What 3 pathological conditions fall into umbrella term COPD? |
Emphysema chronic bronchitis small airways disease (bronchiolitis) |
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In chronic asthma - reversibility can become incomplete because of inflammation and the laying down of scar tissue. What is the name for this ? |
Remodelling of the airways |
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Is the airway obstruction reversibility complete or incomplete / absent in COPD? |
Incomplete or absent |
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What causes the productive cough in one of these pathological conditions? |
Increase in size and number of goblet cells which produce sputum |
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What is the function of guy ropes in the lung tissue? |
Elastin fibres which keep the alveoli open |
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What is a significant smoking history in COPD (in pack years) |
20 pack years (20 a day for 20 years) |
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There are two main types of joint disorders – name them |
Inflammatory and non inflammatory |
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What fibres support and strengthen the bone matrix?
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Collagen fibres
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What is the main problem associated with primary osteoarthritis |
Loss of articular cartilage through degeneration
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What type of disease process is thought to be the cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis? |
Chronic system disease genetic disposition immune response7 hormonal influence |
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What is the role of cytokines in RA? |
They stimulate the synthesis of proinflammatory compounds |
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What other 3 systemic disorders areassociated with RA? |
Anaemia oedema pericarditis pulmonary fibrosis peripheral neuropathy. |
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In MS what does Sclerosis mean? |
Hardening of tissue |
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A key feature of MS is the loss of what? |
Myelin sheath |
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Name 3 features of MS
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Impaired speech and balance
nystagmus bladder problems |
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Parkinsons disease is a lack of which neurotransmitter> |
dopamine |
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Name 3 features of Parkinsons disease? |
Motor rigidity tremor slowness of movement flexed posture |
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Where is dopamine produced? |
Dopamine is produced in dopaminergic cells of substantia nigra a specific region in Basal ganglia
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Which is the innermost layer of the digestive system |
Tunica mucosa |
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Name 3 treatments for peptic ulcer |
PPI, AB’s, H2 antagonists, healthy eating. |
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3 Common causes of intestinal obstruction are... |
Hernia, torsion, diverticulosis, paralytic ileus, tumour |
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3 symptoms of general GI disorders can be... |
Anorexia, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, pain |
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Haemetemisis refers to... |
Blood in the vomit, can be frank
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3 symptoms of colorectal cancer are... |
Rectal bleeding, change in bowel habit, anaemia, weight loss, nausea, abdo pain |
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The conversion of amino acids and glycerol into glucose is called
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gluconeogenesis
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Name 3 functions of the liver |
Inactivation of hormones, synthesis of vitamins A and D, generation of heat, storage (vits), formation of bile, hamolysis of bilirubin, protein and fat and carb metabolism, detox organ
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Most gall stones are made from supersaturated... |
Cholesterol crystals |
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Cholecystitis is caused by gallstones in the cystic duct blocking the exit of what? |
bile |
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Name 3 clinical manifestations of portal hypertension |
Varices, ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice |
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Jaundice is a yellowing of the skin caused by ... |
hyperbilirubinaemia |
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ADH stands for |
Anti diuretic hormone |
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Filtration of the blood in the kidney occurs in the... |
glomerulus |
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The RAAS system stands for |
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System |
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How does the respiratory system try to correct respiratory acidosis
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When the CO2 level increases this causes the brain to stimulate respiration in order to ‘Breathe’ off CO2
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How does the renal system maintain a neutral pH? |
Reabsorbs bicarbonate ions and excretes hydrogen ions |
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The correct term for a kidney infection is... |
pyelonephritis |
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Insulin is made where |
Beta cells in the islets of langerhans |
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The major role of insulin is |
Lower blood glucose
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A blood glucose level of less than 4mmols/L is |
hypoglycaemia |
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A key cellular feature of type 2 diabetes is... |
Reduction in the number of functional insulin receptors on the cell surface |
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Normal blood glucose levels are regulated by the actions of 2 main peptide hormones
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Insulin and glucagon
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Type 1 diabetes is classed as an autoimmune disease because...
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Auto-immune destruction of beta cells Absolute deficiency of insulin
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Cancer cells are defined by two inherited properties. These are
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Autonomy and anaplasia
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List 3 types of tumour markers
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Hormones, enzymes, genes, antibodies, antigens
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What does anaplasia mean?
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Loss of differentiation ‘purpose’, don’t do the job
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Name three types of cancer treatment
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Chemo, radiation, surgery, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy
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Cancers arising from lymphatic tissue are called
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lymphoma
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What does dysplasia mean?
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Abnormality of development
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