Pathology Cellular Response To Injury (Test 1, Lecture 2)

Front 1

study of basic responses of cells and tissues to insults and injuries, irrespective of the organs, systems, or species of animal involved

Back 1

general pathology

Front 2

pathology of organ systems involves how each organ system reacts to injury associated with specific diseases

Back 2

systemic or special pathology

Front 3

What are the 4 general mechanisms of cell injury?

Back 3

1. ATP depletion
2. membrane damage
3. disturbance of cellular metabolism
4. genetic damage and protein misfolding

Front 4

3 ways cells or tissues respond to injury

Back 4

1. adaptation
2. degeneration or I/C or E/C accumulations
3. death

Front 5

nuclear condensation

Back 5

pyknosis

Front 6

nuclear fragmentation

Back 6

karyorrhexis

Front 7

dissolution of the nucleus

Back 7

karyolysis

Front 8

laminated structures derived from damaged membranes of organelles and the plasma membrane first appear during the reversible stage and become more pronounced in irreversibly damgaged cells

Back 8

myelin figures

Front 9

a pathological process resulting from the reaction of the body to external forces and abnormal conditions that tend to distrub the organism's homeostasis

Back 9

stress

Front 10

harm or hurt; usually applied to damage inflicted to the body by an external force or self

Back 10

injury

Front 11

oxygen deficiency; one of the most common and important causes of cell injury and death

Back 11

hypoxia

Front 12

direct rupture and death of large number of cells, or damage to the blood supply to cells

Back 12

trauma

Front 13

impair blood flow, form intracellular ice crystals

Back 13

extreme cold

Front 14

denature cell enzymes and proteins, increase the rates of cell metabolic reactions so that substrates, water, and pH changes reach lethal levels

Back 14

extreme heat

Front 15

generates heat, alters conduction of nerves and mucsle

Back 15

electricity

Front 16

ionization of cellular water with production of 'free radicals', damage genetic material

Back 16

ionizing radiation

Front 17

results after failure of energy-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane; a main feature of reversible cell injury

Back 17

cell swelling or hydropic degeneration

Front 18

occurs in hypoxic, toxic, or metabolic injury; manifexted by lipid vacuoles manly in cells involved in fat metabolism

Back 18

fatty change

Front 19

increase in cell size and volume resulting from an overload of water caused by a failure of the cell to maintain normal homeostasis and regulate the ingress and excretion of water

Back 19

acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration

Front 20

on gross examination-pallor, organ swelling, decreased SG; capsulated organs bulge when incised

Back 20

acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration

Front 21

on microscopic examination-cells pale, finely vacuolated (cloudy swelling) and enlarged

Back 21

acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration

Front 22

on EM examination-rarefied (spread out) cytoplasm, dilated cisternae of ER, Golgi, and mitochondria, lost/distorted dilia, microvilli, blebbing

Back 22

acute cell swelling or hydropic degeneration

Front 23

"wear and tear" pigment because more numerous in older animals; end-product of autophagy

Back 23

lipofuscin

Front 24

increase in the size of cells

Back 24

hypertrophy

Front 25

an increase in the number of cells

Back 25

hyperplasia

Front 26

decrease in the size and metabolic activity of cells

Back 26

atrophy

Front 27

a change in the phenotype of cells

Back 27

metaplasia

Front 28

occurs only in cells capable of mitotic division

Back 28

hyperplasia

Front 29

decreased size of an organ or tissue after it has achieved normal size, caused by loss of cells (necrosis) or decreased cell size

Back 29

atrophy

Front 30

adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated cell is replaced by a different type that is not normal to that tissue or organ

Back 30

metaplasia