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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pituitary Gland
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*Primary endocrine gland in the body
*Produces and releases hormones r/t multiple body systems *Most of them are released after a signal from the hypothalamus, located just above the brain |
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
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*T3 and T4: Controls the rate of cellular metabolism and other metabolic processes in the body. Stimulated to release these hormones by TSH, which is released from Anterior Pituitary
*Calcitonin: Regulates serum calcium levels. Does so by inhibiting osteoclast activity, and stimulating osteoblast activity. Osteoclast destroy bone and osteoblast build bone. High calcitonin levels are going to build bone, and reduce serum calcium levels |
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Parathyroid Gland Hormones
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*PTH: Works opposite of Calcitonin, it inhibits osteoblast activity and stimulates osteoclast activity.
*High levels of PTH breakdown bone and increase the serum calcium level *Also causes an increase in calcium absorption from GI tract and Kidney |
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Primary and Secondary Hypothyroidism
(Not enough T3 or T4 is produced) |
*Primary: Problem with thyroid gland itself, can be due to congenital abnormalities, or autoimmune disease
*Tx: Radiation Therapy *Secondary: Problem with one of the glands that signals the thyroid to produce T3 and T4, can be due to pituitary or hypothalmic injury |
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Clinical Manifestations of Hypothyroidism
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*Low basal metabolic rate, weakness, bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, forgetfulness, sensitivity to cold, weight gain, constipation, delayed reflexes, hypercholsterolemia, hair loss and depression
*Affects cardiovascular, hematologic and gastrointestinal |
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Myxedema
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*Long standing hypothyroidism
*Results from altered composition of the dermis and other tissues *Life threatening bc it can cause hypotension, respiratory depression, hypothermia, lethargy and coma *Primary: Decrease is T4 but increase in TSH *Secondary: Decrease in T4 and TSH *Tx: Thyroid hormone replacement |
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Primary Hyperthyroidism
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*Graves disease is the primary form of hyperthyroidism, where the thyroid overproduces hormones due to autoimmune
*Toxic Multinodular Goiter: Thyroid has multiple nodules that produce an abnormal amount of T3/T4 *Toxic Thyroid Adenoma: Iodine deficiency in childhood, leading to an overproducing singular non-cancerous neoplasm that overproduces T3/T4 |
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Secondary Hyperthyroidism
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*Too much thyroid medication when a pt has hypothyroidism and due to aminodarone, which is an anti arrhythmic medication used to decrease BP and can mimic TSH
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Clinical Manifestations of Hyperthyroidism
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*Increased metabolsim, palpitations, tachycardia, weight loss even though increased appetite, diarrhea, exopthalmos (Bulging Eyes), difficulty concentrating, tremors, nervousness, heat intolerance, anxiety and diaphoresis
*Tx: Removal of thyroid |
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Thyroid Storm
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*Hyperthyroidism
*Rare but dangerous worsening of thyrotoxic states due to stress, infection, pulmonary or cardiovascualr disorders *Manifestations: Hyperthermia, tachycardia, cardiac dysrythmia, change in mental status or GI symptoms (Can lead to death in 24hrs if not Tx) *Diagnosis: Clinical s &s, elevated thyroid hormones *Tx: Meds that block thyroid hormone synthesis and manage s & s |
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Hypothyroidism Feedback Mechanisms
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*High TSH, and Low T4 = Primary Hypo
*Low TSH and Low T4 = Secondary Hypo |
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Hyperthyroidism Feedback Mechanisms
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*Low TSH and High T4 = Primary Hyper
*High TSH and High T4 = Secondary Hyper |
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Hypoparathyroidism
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*Parathyroid does not produce enough PTH, which regulates CA
*Due to damage during surgery or hypomagnesimia *Causes: Hypocalcemia, which lowers threshold for nerve and muscle excitation, can lead to convulsions, and laryngeal spasm that causes asphyxiation (Decrease O2 to brain) also can cause decreases bone density which can lead to fractures *Also causes increased absorption of phosphate which leads to inactivation of Vitamin D |
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Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis/Management of Hypoparathyroidism
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*Muscle spasm, hyperreflexia, dry skin, loss of body hair or head hair
*Diagnosis: Normal Lab Levels are 8.2-10.2 mg/dl or 3.5-4.5 meq/l *Chovstek Sign: Reflux during hypocalcemia where if you tap the jaw it will cause the facial muscles to clench *Trousseau's Sign: Inflate BP cuff greater the SBP, after 3 minutes the hand and forearm will spasm *Tx: Ca replacement in short term and Ca and vitamin d3 supplement long term |
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Hyperparathyroidism
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*Increased levels of PTH
*Primary: Normally high Ca levels feedback to the PT preventing further release of PTH until they normalize. This mechanism does not work and therefore excess PTH is released *Secondary: Increase in PTH due to chronic renal failure, malabsorbtion of Ca, or vitamin D deficiency. Also due to adenoma or tumor |
