Path 404: Pathology Of The Male Reproductive Tract

Front 1

What two conditions refer to a malformation of the penis and urethra and may cause a constricted opening?

Back 1

hypospadias and epispadias

Front 2

Undescended testes are also known as _________?

Back 2

cryptorchidism

Front 3

True or false: cryptorchidism can increase the risk of testicular cancer.

Back 3

true

Front 4

At what age do most cases of testicular torsion

Back 4

adolescence

Front 5

Twisting of the spermatic cord can lead to _________.

Back 5

testicular ischemia

Front 6

True or false: Testicular torsion does not need to be treated immediately.

Back 6

false

Front 7

What is the most common cause of epididymitis in young adult men? What about in middle-aged to older men?

Back 7

STD organisms, typical agents of urinary tract infections

Front 8

What two diseases are associated with infectious granulomatous orchitis?

Back 8

tuberculosis, leprosy

Front 9

Idiopathic granulomatous orchitis can mimic what other testicular problem.

Back 9

testicular cancer

Front 10

What causes acute prostatitis?

Back 10

infection by typical agents of urinary tract infections

Front 11

What procedures may increase a man's risk of getting acute prostatitis?

Back 11

catheterization, cystoscopy

Front 12

What are symptoms of chronic prostatitis?

Back 12

low back pain, perineal/suprapubic discomfort, dysuria, and recurrent urinary tract infections

Front 13

Why is chronic prostatitis difficult to treat?

Back 13

most antibiotics penetrate the prostate poorly

Front 14

What three things can cause granulomatous prostatitis?

Back 14

tuberulosis, fungi, and treatment of bladder cancer with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin

Front 15

What does BPH stand for? What can contribute to its development?

Back 15

benign prostatic hyperplasia, androgens

Front 16

What are some symptoms of BPH?

Back 16

urinary frequency, nocturia, difficulty initiating and stopping urine flow, dysuria, and cystitis/pyelonephritis

Front 17

What are the two treatments for BPH?

Back 17

medication and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Front 18

True or false: Since penile cancer is a carinoma in situ, it does not metastasize.

Back 18

true

Front 19

What three things are associated with penile cancer?

Back 19

HPV, smoking, and poor hygiene

Front 20

During what age range is the peak incidence of germ cell testicular cancer?

Back 20

15-34

Front 21

Which type of germ cell testicular cancer has a better prognosis: seminoma or non-seminoma?

Back 21

seminoma (very sensitive to radiation)

Front 22

What do germ cell tumors do that can be useful in diagnosis?

Back 22

secrete hormones or enzymes

Front 23

What is the most common cancer in the testes of men over 60?

Back 23

testicular lymphoma (technically a systemic malignancy that sometimes involves the testis)

Front 24

True or false: Prostate carcinoma is quite rare.

Back 24

false

Front 25

What four things are part of the clinical presentation of testicular cancer?

Back 25

nodule on digital rectal exam, elevated serum Prostate Specific Antigen, occasionally urinary symptoms, and symptoms of metastasis

Front 26

Besides prostate cancer, what other two conditions can cause elevated levels of PSA?

Back 26

BPH or prostatitis

Front 27

What things influence the probability of prostate cancer?

Back 27

age, race, diet, androgens, and genetics

Front 28

What two things help determine the prognosis of prostate cancer?

Back 28

Stage and Grade

Front 29

What are common metastatic sites for prostate cancer?

Back 29

bones, lungs, liver and brain

Front 30

Hormonal therapy and chemotherapy are considered ________ treatment when it comes to prostate cancer.

Back 30

palliative