Oceanography 11

Front 1

__________ is transferred between the ocean and atmosphere.

Back 1

All of the above are correct.

Front 2

El Niño refers to an air/ocean interaction that takes place in the tropical __________ Ocean.

Back 2

Pacific

Front 3

In the Northern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from the __________.

Back 3

northeast

Front 4

In the Southern Hemisphere, trade winds blow from the ___________.

Back 4

southeast

Front 5

Controls of climate include __________.

Back 5

All of the above are correct.

Front 6

Controls of climate that can change over the vast span of geologic time include __________.

Back 6

Any of the above is correct.

Front 7

The ocean influences climate ___________.

Back 7

All of the above are correct.

Front 8

On a global average basis, more heat is transferred from the ocean surface to the atmosphere via ___________.

Back 8

latent heating

Front 9

On an annual average, the ocean absorbs about __________ % of the solar radiation striking its surface.

Back 9

92

Front 10

Formation of sea ice __________ the albedo of the ocean surface for solar radiation.

Back 10

increases

Front 11

Most solar radiation that is not reflected after striking the ocean surface is absorbed __________.

Back 11

in the surface waters

Front 12

The ocean is the main source of the atmosphere's principal greenhouse gas. That gas is __________.

Back 12

water vapor

Front 13

__________ ocean water can dissolve more carbon dioxide than __________ ocean water.

Back 13

Cold . . . .warm

Front 14

Ocean circulation and temperature affect ___________.

Back 14

All of the above are correct.

Front 15

El Niño __________.

Back 15

is associated with poor fishing along the coast of Peru

Front 16

El Niño affects __________.

Back 16

All of the above are correct.

Front 17

Relatively low sea-surface temperatures are associated with __________.

Back 17

Both of the above are correct.

Front 18

A wind blowing from the north along the California coast produces __________.

Back 18

All of the above are correct.

Front 19

La Niña __________.

Back 19

All of the above are correct.

Front 20

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) ___________.

Back 20

All of the above are correct.

Front 21

The Southern Oscillation is a seesaw variation in __________ across the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Back 21

surface air pressure

Front 22

El Niño begins when the __________ gradient across the tropical Pacific begins to weaken.

Back 22

air pressure

Front 23

Trade winds ___________ in response to a weakened air pressure gradient across the tropical Pacific.

Back 23

slacken, and may even reverse direction

Front 24

The Southern Oscillation refers to the difference in surface air pressure between __________.

Back 24

Tahiti and northern Australia

Front 25

Neutral (long-term average) conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean include all of the following with the exception of ___________.

Back 25

heavy rainfall along the Pacific coastal plain of South America

Front 26

La Niña is accompanied by all of the following conditions with the exception of __________.

Back 26

above normal sea-surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific

Front 27

Originally, El Niño was the name given by fishermen to a seasonal period of ___________ off the coast of Peru and Equador.

Back 27

an unusually warm northward flowing ocean current

Front 28

The Southern Oscillation was discovered by __________.

Back 28

Sir Gilbert Walker

Front 29

The effects of El Niño on marine organisms include all of the following with the exception of __________.

Back 29

sea bird populations thrive

Front 30

With the development of El Niño in the western tropical Pacific, __________.

Back 30

All of the above are correct.

Front 31

A linkage between weather changes occurring in widely separated regions of the globe is known as a __________.

Back 31

teleconnection

Front 32

During El Niño, the likelihood of drought increases in ___________.

Back 32

All of the above are correct.

Front 33

During El Niño, stronger than usual winds aloft apparently __________ tropical cyclones (e.g., hurricanes) over the Atlantic Basin.

Back 33

decrease the frequency of

Front 34

The strongest El Niño teleconnections tend to occur in __________.

Back 34

winter

Front 35

During El Niño, winters tend to be relatively __________ along the Gulf Coast and __________ in the northern U.S.

Back 35

wet . . . . cold

Front 36

Scientists use __________ to predict El Niño/La Niña episodes.

Back 36

All of the above are correct.

Front 37

La Niña __________ follows El Niño.

Back 37

sometimes but not always

Front 38

El Niño occurs about __________.

Back 38

every 3 to 7 years

Front 39

El Niño tends to persist for about __________.

Back 39

12 to 18 months

Front 40

The operational definition for El Niño is based on departures from long-term average __________.

Back 40

sea-surface temperatures

Front 41

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) refers to the seesaw oscillation in sea level air pressure between the __________.

Back 41

Icelandic low and Azores high

Front 42

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) influences precipitation and winter temperatures over __________.

Back 42

All of the above are correct.

Front 43

The Arctic Oscillation (AO) refers to the seesaw oscillation in sea level air pressure between the __________.

Back 43

North Pole and lower latitude margins of the polar region

Front 44

Associated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) is (are) __________.

Back 44

All of the above are correct.

Front 45

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) refers to the seesaw oscillation in __________ across the North Pacific Ocean.

Back 45

sea-surface temperatures

Front 46

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is characterized by all of the following with the exception of __________.

Back 46

a 1-2 year duration

Front 47

The east-west seesaw oscillation in sea-surface temperature across the North Pacific Ocean is characteristic of __________.

Back 47

the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Front 48

The PDO, ENSO, NAO and AO are all associated with variability in __________.

Back 48

All of the above are correct.