Ocean Final Review

Front 1

1. Which current circumnavigates the entire planet?

Back 1

Antarctic Circumpolar

Front 2

1. Whydo maps show distortion?

Back 2

A globe of the Earth is a map almost the same shape as the planet is. Try to flatten that globe out and you will see that distortion is introduced.

Front 3

1. Brieflydescribe the voyage of the HMS Challenger.

Back 3

1872 - 1876: This was the first expedition that was purely for marine science. It investigated deep-sea regions of all the major ocean basins. The Result from this expedition included 4,417 new species and the deepest depth of the ocean was found to be the Mariana Trench.

Front 4

1. Whydid early explorers stay close to land?

Back 4

Landmarks

Front 5

1. Whatwere the first elements formed after the “Big Bang?”

Back 5

Hydrogen and Helium

Front 6

1. Whydo some scientists think life may be possible other places in our solar system?

Back 6

Water/Polar ice caps

Front 7

1. What atmospheric changes occurred for multi-celled life to be possible?

Back 7

Earth's early atmosphere contained only small amounts of free oxygen, probably produced entirely by the reaction of sunlight with water vapor from volcanoes. The oxygen-rich atmosphere that evolved later, and upon which oxygen-breathing life now depends, was a result of the origin of photosynthesis.

Front 8

What do scientists call the formation of organic molecules from inorganic sources?

Back 8

Abiogenesis

Front 9

1. What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

Back 9

Divergent, Convergent, and Transform

Front 10

How do Island Arcs form?

Back 10

Hot, remelted material from the subducting slab rises and leaks into the crust, forming a series of volcanoes.

Front 11

Describethe formation of Hawaii.

Back 11

Volcanoes can also form in the middle of a plate, where magma rises upward until it erupts on the sea floor, at what is called a "hot spot. "The Hawaiian Islands were formed by such a hot spot occurring in the middle of the Pacific Plate. While the hot spot itself is fixed, the plate is moving. So, as the plate moved over the hot spot, the string of islands that make up the Hawaiian Island chain were formed.

Front 12

What ismeant by an anomaly? Provide an example(oceanography please.

Back 12

Anomaly - something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.EX: The Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA) can be characterized as a large, near-surface pool of fresher water that appeared off the east coast of Greenland in the late 1960s.

Front 13

What are the parts of the continental margin?

Back 13

The continental margin is the zone of the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic crust from thick continental crust. Together, the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise are called continental margin.

Front 14

Most of the ocean floor is covered by what type of sediment? What is the most abundant sediment by mass?

Back 14

Biogenous sediments; pelagic

Front 15

Oil is formed in what type of sediments? Whattype of rocks are typically associated with these deposits?

Back 15

Biogenous sediments; Cosmic Terrigenous sediemnts

Front 16

What is water’s maximum density?

Back 16

Approximately 4 °C (39 °F) (Pure water reaches its maximum density)

Front 17

What is latent heat?What takesmore energy (calories, not temperature), melting ice or boiling water?

Back 17

The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor without change of temperature.

Front 18

Discuss the pycnocline and relate ot to the thermocline and halocline.

Back 18

Pycnocline is the generic term used for rapid vertical changes in the density of a column of water. Thermocline and halocline are then specific reasons for this rapid vertical change.The density gradient is referred to a "thermocline" if the density change is due to temperature (particularly common in fresh water areas). The density gradient is referred to a "halocline" if the density is due to dissolved salt concentrations (particularly common at river estuaries).

Front 19

Why is surface salinity greater at the equator and least near the tropics? Explainthe ocean’s stratification.

Back 19

Salinity is always high in the areas with good amount of evaporation and low amount of precipitation salinity is high in mid-latitudes where evaporation is high and precipitation is low. Salinity is low near the equator because precipitation is so high. Very high latitudes can also decreases in salinity where sea ice melts and "freshens" the water. It can also be trace by the color of water of the sea or ocean blue with less and green with high salinity. Water stratification occurs when water masses with different properties form layers that act as barriers to water mixing which could lead to anoxia or euxinia. (Salinity, oxygen, density and temperature)

Front 20

Discussthe water cycle.

Back 20

The water cycle or hydrologic is a continuous cycle where water evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud, falls down to earth as precipitation.

Front 21

What isthe most common constituents of sea water?

Back 21

The composition of seawater can be divided into suspended (also called particulate) and dissolved materials. Adding the next four most abundant (SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, and K+)

Front 22

What is anion?

Back 22

An atom (or small group of atoms) that becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons

Front 23

Whathappens to air temperature as it rises and sinks?

Back 23

If the air is sinking then the temperature is dropping since hot air rises.

Front 24

What isthe main culprit for “global warming?”

Back 24

CO2

Front 25

How do theoceans moderate earths heat budget?

Back 25

Thermal equilibrium - the total income of heat equals the total heat radiating to cold spaces over time.No, greenhouse effect is ruining Earth's heat budget

Front 26

What is the Coriolis Effect?

Back 26

Because of the Earth's rotation any freely moving object or fluid will appear to :Turn to the right in the NorthernHemisphereTurn to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

Front 27

What is the reason for Earth’s 4 seasons?

Back 27

Earth's axis tilted is by 23 1/2 degrees.

Front 28

What causes wind and ocean currents?

Back 28

Temperature & Salinity Ocean currents can be generated by wind, density differences in water masses caused by temperature and salinity variations, gravity, and events such as earthquakes. Currents are cohesive streams of seawater that circulate through the ocean.

Front 29

How deep do surface waves effect water in the ocean?

Back 29

Half their wave length.

Front 30

Describe the 3 factors of surface wave production.

Back 30

1 Transverse wave ; 2 Longitudinal wave; 3 Surface waves

Front 31

Distinguish between a diurnal and semidiurnal tidal cycle.

Back 31

Semidiurnal tidal cycle - Two high waters and two low waters each day. (2 times a day)Diutnal tidal cycle - One tidal cycle per day

Front 32

Discuss Newton’s Law of Gravity.

Back 32

Any two objects exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other.

Front 33

Describe the changes in sea-level over the past 15,000 years.

Back 33

Sea level rise estimates from satellite altimetry since 1993 . A rapid rise took place about 15,000. They say its due to the collapse of and ice sheet in Antarctica. The melting of polar ice could contribute to long-term sea level rise. Global warming plays a huge factor.

Front 34

Distinguish between longshore and rip currents.

Back 34

LONGSHORE CURRENTS:Run parallel to shore in surf zone. Caused by the incomplete refraction of waves approaching the beach at an angleRIP CURRENTS:Strong, narrow surface current that flows seward through the surf zone. Caused by the escape of excess water that has piled up in a longshore trough

Front 35

Describe the profile of a typical beach.

Back 35

A typical beach profile from its most landward to its most seaward position consists of a lagoon, a dune system, backshore, foreshore (beach), upper and lower.

Front 36

What are the ecological benefits of estuaries?

Back 36

Estuaries deliver invaluable ecosystem services.

Front 37

What do Iso-, Hyper- and Hypo- refer to?

Back 37

Diatoms can reproduce in two different modes, sexual and asexual. ... Thus, the average diatom size gets progressively smaller with each round of replication.

Front 38

Why dodiatoms decrease in size as the reproduce?

Back 38

Diatoms can reproduce in two different modes, sexual and asexual. ... Thus, the average diatom size gets progressively smaller with each round of replication.

Front 39

Why dosome dinoflagellates luminesce and produce toxins?

Back 39

Some dinoflagellates can produce toxins that can find their way into ... This is because of their ability to produce biological luminescence.

Front 40

Are viruses considered a life form?

Back 40

No, because they lack many of the properties that scientists associate with living organisms. Primarily, they lack the ability to reproduce without the aid of a host cell, and don't use the typical cell- division approach to replication.

Front 41

Discuss the main reason for the alarming coral reef decline.

Back 41

Global climate change, unsustainable fishing impacts, and land-based pollution.

Front 42

How could done tell the difference between a dolphin and a porpoise?

Back 42

Dolphins usually have beak-like, pointed snouts, while porpoises have blunt, rounded noses. Porpoises have triangular dorsal fins, like a shark.

Front 43

What is the main component of natural gas?

Back 43

Natural gas is a hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly includes varying amounts of other higher alkanes and sometimes a usually lesser percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and/or hydrogen sulfide.

Front 44

Why do fishermen risk their lives in the Bering Sea?

Back 44

Fishermen risk their lives to supply the king crab on a restaurant menu.

Front 45

What happens to most by-catch?

Back 45

A federal law defines bycatch as "...fish that are harvested in a fishery, but which are ... Service have developed an ecosystem model to predict what will happen.

Front 46

Where does most ocean pollution come from?

1. How might climate change affect the distribution og tropical species?

Back 46

The entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based.The Threat of Climate Change to Rainforests. ... Initiated by global warming is expected to have wide-ranging effects for tropical rainforests . Changes in weather patterns, rainfall distribution, and temperature ... forests and their species have lived through significant climate changes.

Front 47

EssaysYou will choose an ecosystem we covered in class and:

1. Discussit’s primary producer(s).

2. Discussits top predator (s).

3. Describeat least 5 abiotic factors found in that ecosystem.

4. Providea food chain including trophic levels.

Front 48

How do starfish move?

Back 48

By moving water from the vascular system into the tiny feet, the sea star can make a foot move by expanding it. This is how sea stars move around. Muscles within the feet are used to retract them. Each ray of a sea star has a light sensitive organ called an eye spot.