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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acetaldehyde
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colorless volatile liquid aldehyde - ethenal
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anemia
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deficiency of red blood cells/hemoglobin
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antioxidant
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inhibits oxidization (vitamin C or E) - removes damaging oxidation elements
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ascorbic acid
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A vitamin - citrus fruits/vegetables - essential for connective tissue
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BeriBeri
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disease - inflammation of nerves/heart failure
vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficient |
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B-complex
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water soluble group of vitamins
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bioavailability
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portion of drug - enters circulation when introduced to body.
active effect |
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blood-brain barrier
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filtering mechanism of capillaries - blocks substances
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cirrhosis
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liver disease - degeneration of cells, inflammation, fibrous thickening of tissue
results from alcoholism/hepatitis |
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coenzyme
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nonprotein compound necessary for enzyme function
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collagen
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main structural protein in animal connective tissue - yielding gelatin boil.
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ethanol
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ethyl alcohol
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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congenital
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fetus
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unattached offspring
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water soluble vitamins
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most absorbed in small intestine
dissolves in water bioavailability (absorption) influenced by - nutritional status, nutrients and substances in food, medications, age, illness Choline - circulated from GI tract in lymph |
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B-Vitamin Complex Acronym
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The Romans Never Painted Pyramids Before College.
= Thiamin. Riboflavin. Niacin. Patothenic acid. Pyridoxine. Biotin. Cobalamin |
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B1 - Thiamin
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FUNCTION: coenzyme, energy metabolism, nerve function, DNA and RNA synthesis
FOOD SOURCES: whole grain, legumes, tuna, enriched grains, pork, fruits DEFICIENCY: beriberi TOXICITY: no |
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B2 - Riboflavin
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FUNCTIONS: electron carrier, vitamin formation, energy metabolism
FOOD SOURCE: liver, mushrooms, fortified cereals, spinach, dairy products, tomatoes DEFICIENCY: Ariboflavinosis (muscle weakness, sore lips, inflamed tounge) TOXICITY: no |
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B3 - Niacin
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FUNCTIONS: electron carrier, protein synthesis, DNA replication and maintenance, energy metabolism.
FOOD SOURCES: fish, fortified cereals, broccoli, mushrooms, liver, yogurt DEFICIENCY: pellagra (skin irritation, worsened by light, 4 d's - dermatitis, dementia, diaharrhea, death. ) TOXICITY: yes can lower cardiovascular disease |
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B5 - Pantothenic Acid
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FUNCTIONS: energy metabolism, heme and lipid synthesis
FOOD SOURCES: fish, broccoli, liver, fortified cereals, mushrooms, turkey, yogurt DEFICIENCY: burning feet syndrome TOXICITY: no circulated in blood and metabolized then transported to rest of body. |
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B6 - Pyridoxine
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FUNCTIONS: coenzyme in amino acid metabolism, heme synthesis, synthesis of neurotransmitters, critical for metabolism
FOOD SOURCES: fish, garbanzo beans, yogurt, fortified cereals, meat, broccoli, banana, liver DEFICIENCY: small, pale red blood cells (microcytic, hypochronic anemia) TOXICITY: neurological problems circulated in blood to liver |
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B9 - Biotin
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FUNCTIONS: energy metabolism, synthesis of fatty acid
FOOD SOURCES: peanuts, egg yolk, almonds, carrots, mushrooms, bananas, tomato DEFICIENCY: depression, skin irritation, loss of muscle control TOXICITY: no |
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Folate (folic acid)
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FUNCTIONS: coenzyme, single carbon transfer, normal development; cell division and protein synthesis
FOOD SOURCES: fortified foods, spinach, garbanzo beans, oranges, legumes DEFICIENCY: macrocytic anemia (red blood cells are enlarged and immature) Defective neural tube development (spina bifida) - 1/2000 kids - Neural tube doesn't close all the way and is exposed TOXICITY: no folic acid is more easily absorbed than naturally occurring folate in foods |
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B12 - Cobalamin
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FUNCTIONS: coupled reaction with folate - homocysteine metabolism and energy metabolism
FOOD SOURCES: fortified foods, fish, beef, dairy, shellfish DEFICIENCY: pernicious anemia (autoimmune disease antibodies destroy stomach muscles) TOXICITY: no must be cleaved before absorption proteins removal in stomach, then bond to R protein and intrinsic factor, once absorbed - bound to transcobacamin, circulates to liver in blood. |
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Vitamin C - Ascorbic Acid
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HISTORY: 250 years - scurvy killed sailors. 1746 - James Lind - citrus fruits
FUNCTIONS: antioxidant - protects cells from free radicals, helps prevent oxidation of ions. Cofactor - in collagen formation, neurotransmitter and hormone production. Stress - produced vitamin C in adrenal glands Absorption - small intestine Enhances - iron, copper, chromium bioavalibility prevent/cure - cold, cancer, heart disease, cataracts FOOD SOURCES: fruits - strawberries, kiwis, oranges. Vegetables - peppers, tomato, potato, broccoli DEFICIENCY: scurvy (bleeding gums, bruising, poor healing, irritation) TOXICITY: gastrointestinal problems |
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
general characteristics |
VITAMINS IN FOOD: attached to a protein; may be destroyed during cooking or during storage
ABSORPTION: mostly in small intestine; diffusion or active transport; altered bioavailability CIRCULATION: in blood stream - 1st stop is liver EXCRETION: for most B vitamins the kidneys filter out excess which is excreted in urine TOXICITY: minimal effect, some exist FUNCTION: B vitamins are coenzymes in energy metabolism and other functions; vitamin C acts as antioxidant |
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Overview of vitamins
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essential for good health, organic molecules, individual units, regulate body processes, micronutrients, solubility - fat or water
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hemoglobin
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red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in blood of vertebra
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intrinsic factor
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substance secreted by stomach - enables body to absorb vitamin B12
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micronutrient
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chemical element - trace amounts for normal growth glycoprotein
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neural tube
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hollow tube - brain and spinal cord form for normal function of nervous system
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pellagra
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niacin deficiency - skin irritation, worsened by light, 4 d's: dermatitis, dementia, diaharrhea, death.
rough red skin patches that turn dark |
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free radical
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uncharged molecule - unpaired valence electron
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scurvy
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vitamin C deficiency - swollen bleeding gums
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spina bifida
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spinal cord and meninges are exposed through gap in backbone paralysis. neural tube doesn't close all the way so its exposed.
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Are vitamins ORGANIC molecules or INORGANIC molecules?
why are they defined this way? |
ORGANIC - structure is organic
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Vitamins are metabolized in the body like carbohydrates.
TRUE OR FALSE? explain. |
FALSE - circulates through blood stream
TRUE - during digestions carbs undergo chemical transformations as they move through the GI tract. Cholin only vitamin circulated away from GI tract through. In carbs, like vitamins, enzymes used and bonds are broken. Carbs are broken to monosaccharides and vitamins are broken from proteins to essential form. Like some carbs, nearly all vitamins are absorbed in small intestines. |
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How should food be stored in order to maintain vitamin content??
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keeping them fresh and refrigerated - avoid light
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How should foods be cooked in order to maintain vitamin content?
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steaming and microwave - no baking soda, avoid soaking, cook large pieces
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Which vitamins are water soluble?
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9-essential -
B1 (thiamin) B2 (riboflavin) B3 (niacin) B5 (pantothenic acid) B6 (pyridoxine) B7 (biotin) B12 (cobalamin) folate (folic acid) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) |
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what does "bioavailable" mean?
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ability to be absorbed by a living organism - absorbed by blood or lymph system
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what type of things may affect bioavailability of a vitamin?
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physical properties, other nutrients and substances in food, medication, age, illness
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When water soluble vitamins are taken in doses higher than the RDA what happens to the excess?
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excreted - urine/feces/sweat, ect.
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What is the main function of B vitamins?
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coenzymes in energy metabolism
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In the United States what subset of population may suffer from ariboflavinosis?
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alcoholics consuming poor diets and people with diseases that interfere with riboflavin utilization -thyroid disease
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Which B vitamin is required for fatty acid synthesis?
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B7 - biotin
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Which B vitamins lead to toxicity if taken in large doses?
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pyridoxine - B6, Niacin - B3, vitamin C
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A deficiency of vitamin B6 results in poorly formed red blood cells that are inefficient carriers of oxygen. why my this leave an individual feeling fatigued?
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inability to produce ATP - required for energy
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(B1) Thiamin deficiency =
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beriberi
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Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disorder resulting from lack of what?
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niacin (B3)
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where is most of the energy (ATP) stored in the body?
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mitochondria
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which nutrients supply energy to the body?
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carbs, lipids, proteins
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if you are diagnosed with marcrocytic anemia how are your red blood cells different from regular red blood cells? which vitamin deficiency is associated with this disorder?
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Folate deficient
large immature red blood cells |
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How is macrocytic anemia different from microcytic anemia?
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microcytic: small pale red blood cells
macrocytic: large, immature red blood cells |
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Which B vitamin is not associated with energy metabolism?
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pyridoxine (B6) and Folate and B12
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What does neural tube develop into?
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into spine - neural tube defect - spina bifida (infants)
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which B vitamin can only be made by bacteria and fungi?
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B12
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why might vegans be susceptible to a deficiency of vitamin B12?
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vegans don't eat food that potentially becomes living. B12 dietary products = shellfish, meat, fish, dairy
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what is the function of B vitamins in energy metabolism?
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coenzyme
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Why is there little or no toxicity found with water soluble vitamins?
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body doesn't actively store them - they're excreted.
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What are free radicals? why is it bad to have lots of free radicals in the body?
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Free radicals - highly reactive molecules with an unequal balance of charges - cellular metabolism.
excessive free radicals cause destruction to cell membranes, DNA, and proteins. |
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how do antioxidants function? water soluble antioxidant example?
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antioxidants readily give up electrons (and hydrogen ions) to other substances
ex: vitamin C |
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Why should women who are trying to become pregnant pay attention to mineral and vitamin intake?
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critical development of fetus - body must be at acceptable levels in vitamins and minerals for healthy growth of fetus while still protecting parent.
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How can an individual obtain their RDA for vitamin C from dietary sources?
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Fruits (especially strawberries, oranges, kiwis)
veggies (especially peppers, broccoli, potatoes, tomatoes) |
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what are the consequences of habitual alcohol use?
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mouth and esophageal cancer, damage of heart muscle, increased risk of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, fat accumulation of liver, impedes flow of blood through liver, damange of pancrease, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer
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what is the connection between alcohol use and vitamin deficiency?
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impaired absorption, increased urinary loss, altered metabolism, reduced storage, decreased conversion from specific vitamin's active forms.
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fatty liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis - what are these conditions and how do you lower your risk of having this type of tissue damage?
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Fatty liver = build up of fatty acids
Fibrosis = liver cells die and form scar tissue cirrhosis = extensive damage to liver; non reversible |
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Vitamin A: Retinoids
3 Active Forms |
RETINOL - reproduction and bones - can be synthesized from retinal - most biologically active form
RETINAL - vision - converted to retinoic acid RETINOIC ACID - regulates growth CARTINOIDS - some can be converted to vitamin A: Beta-carotene (heat/processing increases bioavailability), lycopene and lutein (vitamin A) - can't be converted |
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Vitamin A - Retinoids
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SOURCES: animal - liver, milk, herring. plants (cartinoids): red/yellow/orange fruits. dark green leafy vegetables
FUNCTIONS: cell differentiation - epithelial antioxidants, reproduction, bone growth, rhodopsin (for vision), health of cornea, produces lympocytes DEFICIENCY: prevalent in alcoholics, eyes - difficult to drive in dark, epithelial tissues, immune system, hyperkeratosis, VADD (deficiency causes blindness, cornea damage, xerophthalm) TOXICITY: birth defects, liver damange, osteoporosis, hypervitaminosis A, hypercartonemia vitamin A cartenoids taken by Adipose muscle and eye tissue - leftover delivered to liver as chylomicron Additional metabolism/packaging - lipoprotein and retinol orange skin = cartenoids in subcutaneous fat |
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Vitamin D - Calciferol - sunshine vitamin
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conditionally essential, made from cholesterol, functions as a hormone.
FUNCTIONS: calcium concentrations in blood (muscle contractions, conduction of nerve impulses, blood pressure regulations), calcium balance in blood (low blood calcium concentration leads to increased vitamin D activation in kidneys : increased calcium absorption in small intestine, decreased excretion in kidneys, increase calcium resorption in bones), bone health, gene expression, differentiation -must be metabolized in liver and kidneys -helps maintain calcium homeostasis in blood, small intestine, kidney, bones DEFICIENCY: Rickets - bone mineralization deforms bones in legs of children - bowed bones cant support weight. osteomalacia: soft and weak bones, osteoporosis: chronic disease |
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Vitamin E - Alpha-tocopherol
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FUNCTIONS: antioxidant (cell membranes, reduces free radicals, stabilizes, eye health, prevents cataracts)
SOURCES: Plants (vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals, seeds) DEFICIENCIES: rare - neuromuscular dysfunctions, hemolytic anemia - red blood cells weak and rupture TOXICITIES: rare - interferes with blood clotting. Absorption - small intestine - bile and micelles - excess to adipose tissue |
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Vitamin K
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FUNCTION: blood clotting, bone formation
SOURCES: leafy greens, fish, legumes, milk, fortified cereals, intestinal bacteria Absorbed in small intestine by micelles menadione: produced commercially DEFICIENCIES: poor fat absorption, drug interaction, newborns VKDB bleeding TOXICITIES: rare - excreted from body |
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Accutane
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isotretinon - 1st as chemo. reduces sebum 85-90%
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adipose tissue
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stores fat, energy source, connective tissue
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alpha-tocopherol
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vitamin E - series of organic compounds
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blood clot
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semisolid mass of coagulated red and white blood cells
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annatto
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natural vegetable die
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bone matrix
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fundamental functional unit of compact bone
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calcitonin
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thyroid hormone lowers calcium in blood plasma and inhibits resorption of bone
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carotenoids
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organic pigments - chlor and chromo plasts. unsaturated.
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epithelial tissues
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membranous tissue. covers organs
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fat soluble vitamins
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dissolve and dietary of body fat (A,D,E,K) metabolized and stored as fats. only absorbed through small intestine in presence of fat.
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fibrinogen
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protein in plasma - converts to fibrin when blood clots
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organic molecule
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from living thing. contains carbon
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osteoblast
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bone forming cell
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osteoclast
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breakdown and reabsorption of bone
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vitamin K deficiency bleeding (vkdb)
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newborn bleeding problem hemorragic disease. low levels of vitamin K - essential for blood clotting
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Choline - "new essential nutrient"
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FUNCTION: synthesize neurotransmitter and phospholipids
FOOD SOURCE: egg, poultry, liver, fish DEFICIENCY: adult liver damage Absorbed in small intestine may be required for pregnant women |
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what vitamins are fat soluble?
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A D E K
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what happens to fat soluble vitamins during cooking?
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loss of vitamins, all by vitamin D is destroyed by heat/light
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how are fat soluble vitamins circulated in body? how does that compare to water soluble vitamins?
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fat soluble - circulated into lymph system 1st then to bloodstream
water soluble - circulate in bloodstream but 1st stop is liver |
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which vitamins are more likely to build toxic levels in the body with supplement use?
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vitamin D (hypercalcemia)
vitamin A (birth defects, liver damage, osteoporosis, hypercartonemia), vitamin E |
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how does vitamin A support vision?
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it makes rhodopsin which is needed for vision, maintains health of cornea, improves eyesight, supports rods and cones in eyes, vision restoration after exposure to bright light, night vision
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what retinoid cannot be converted to another form?
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retinoic acid
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what retinoid is associated with vision?
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retinal
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What do plants produce that has vitamin A activity?
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cartenoids
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which cells in the eye are associated with night vision?
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rods
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how does lack of vitamin A cause "night blindness"
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not enough retinal to produce rhodopsin
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what is the difference between cis-retinal and trans-retinal? where have you previously met these versions of molecules?
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Cis-retinal makes up rhodopsin. Trans-retinal: cis-retinal converts to this when light strikes the rhodopsin.
previously met with fatty acids. |
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individuals prescribed accutane - why do they have to have blood tests to test for liver function?
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monitor fat in liver - prevent liver damage
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which vitamin can be made from cholesterol when the skin is exposed to sun?
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vitamin D (calciferol)
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what is the main function of vitamin D?
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calcium concentration in blood, muscle contraction conduction of nerve impulses. regulates blood pressure, calcium homeostasis, bone health, cell differentiation
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if blood calcium levels are low then what steps can the body take to increase levels of circulating calcium?
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increase vitamin D activation in kidneys
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what is hypercalcemia?
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calcium levels in blood rises. can result in the deposit of calcium in soft tissues associated with organs like heart and lungs, and can affect function of the central nervous system.
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Osteomalacia and osteoporosis can result from a deficiency of vitamin D. how are these two disorders different?
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Osteomalacia - bone mineralization that causes bone to become soft and weak
Osteoporosis - demineralization of previously healthy bone, chronic disease |
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what vitamins have antioxidant properties?
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A, C, E
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What is the relationship between free radicals and antioxidants?
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free radicals destruct cell membranes
antioxidants prevent the destruction of cell membranes |
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A deficiency of vitamin E may lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia. what is this disorder? what role does vitamin E take in order to prevent it?
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Hemolytic Anemia - Decreased ability of the blood to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide due to rupture of red blood cells.
Vitamin E protects red blood cell membranes from oxidative damage |
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What must be present for blood clots to form?
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vitamin K and mineral calcium
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which fat soluble vitamin is produced by intestinal bacteria?
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vitamin K
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which fat soluble is most excreted from body when in excess?
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K
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would bleed to death without this vitamin
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K
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How does the general function of water-soluble vitamins compare to fat-soluble vitamins?
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Water-soluble: B vitamins - coenzymes in energy metabolism and other functions. Vitamin C acts as antioxidant.
Fat soluble - function in various physiological functions - growth, reproduction, blood clotting, bone health. Vitamin E- antioxidant |
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How does the absorption of fat-soluble differ from water-soluble?
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Fat-soluble: require bile and micelles, lipids and chylomicrons.
water-soluble: absorbed through diffusion/active transport and bioavailability is altered. -both main absorb in small intestine |
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can you be vitamin A deficient?
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vision becomes weaker at night, rhodopsin recovery is weaker, decrease in immune system
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What are the main functions of Vitamins D, E, K?
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D: calcium homeostasis, bone health, cell differentiation
E: antioxidant, cell membranes, eye health, heart health K: coenzyme, blood clotting, bone and teeth health |
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which vitamins are required for good bone health?
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A, D, K
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which vitamins are required for good blood health?
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K
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Which foods are good sources of vitamins A, D, E, K?
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A: liver, pumpkin, sweet potato, carrot
D: fish, mushrooms, fortified milk, cereals E: tomatoes, nuts, seeds, spinach, fortified cereals K: kale, spinach, broccoli, brussel sprouts |
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excess vitamin K is excreted from body - unusual for fat soluble vitamin
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reduces risk of toxicity
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which fat soluble vitamin will you find mostly in adipose cells and cell membranes?
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A and E
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General characteristics of Fat soluble vitamins
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VITAMINS IN FOOD: easily destroyed by heat/light except for vitamin D
ABSORPTION: packaged with other lipids into chylomicrons CIRCULATION: into lymph system first then to bloodstream EXCRETION: tend to remain in liver and adipose tissue TOXICITY: may be reached with vitamin supplements FUNCTIONS: various physiological functions of body |
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common additive to prevent separation of oil from mixture?
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lecithin
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prevents apple from turning brown when cut surface is exposed to oxygen?
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lemon juice
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prevents growth of bacteria
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sugar
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prevent the growth of mold on bread and bakery items
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calcium propionate
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natural food color used to create shades of yellow and orange
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annatto
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flavor produced from plant extracts
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vanilla
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A substance that may be detected in food that was not intentionally added to it during processing ?
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antibiotic
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the majority of reported cases of food borne illness are caused by ?
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bacteria
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Temperatures that support the growth of bacteria ?
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120
60 90 |
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women who are pregnant need to exercise caution when consuming hot dogs and soft cheeses made with raw milk to avoid exposure to what that could be harmful to fetus?
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listeria
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a vitamin deficiency or the other extreme, vitamin toxicity, of what vitamin may affect bone health?
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vitamin D
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what foods are good sources of cartenoids?
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red peppers
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which organs filter vitamins from blood and excrete them from body?
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kidneys
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which fat soluble vitamin can be made in human body from a form of cholesterol?
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vitamin D
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what vitamin protects cell membranes with antioxidant activity?
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vitamin E
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vitamin - conversion of inactive blood clotting factors to an active form?
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vitamin K
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what vitamin supports the development of lymphocytes (white blood cells)?
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vitamin A
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what vitamin supports vision?
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vitamin A
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mineral - salt water fish and sea vegetables are good dietary sources ?
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iodine
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mineral -positively charged ion found inside cells
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potassium
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the most abundant mineral found in body?
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calcium
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component of cell membranes - mineral?
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phosphorus
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electrolytes, for example sodium ions and potassium ions, are involved in what functions?
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regulation of fluid balance
conduction of nerve impulse muscle contraction |
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in a hypothetical situation: interstitial fluid outside of cell contains 20% of sodium ions and the intracellular fluid inside of the cell contains 30% sodium ions. which direction will water move as the solution try to reach equillibrium?
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water will move into cel
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20 year old mandy consumes one cup of non fat milk with 250mg of calcium. to meet her AI for calcium, mandy needs to consume food containing how much more calcium?
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750 mg
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minerals that support good bone health?
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magnesium, phosphorus, calcium
NOT - potassium |
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increased consumption of what mineral may lead to increased blood pressure for some individuals?
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sodium chloride
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major minerals?
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sodium, calcium, potassium
NOT - zinc |
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when you steam broccoli with small amount of water, which of the following vitamins is least likely to be lost to the cooking water?
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vitamin A
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thiamin (B1) deficiency?
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beriberi
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vitamin C deficiency?
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scurvy
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niacin (B3) deficiency?
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pellagra
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How do antioxidants function?
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donating electrons from free radicals
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water soluble vitamins involved in energy metabolism:
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niacin (B3), thiamin (B1), cobalamin (B12)
NOT - folate |
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most common unit of measure for vitamins?
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milligrams and micrograms
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