Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Three components of energy balance? |
1. Decreased calorie intake 2. Increased physical activity 3. Behavior modification |
|
|
What is "energy in"? |
Food |
|
|
What is "energy out"? |
Physical activity, metabolism, digestion |
|
|
What is energy balance? |
Energy input=energy output |
|
|
What is a positive energy balance? |
Energy input > energy output |
|
|
What is a negative energy balance? |
Energy input < energy output (weightless) |
|
|
How many kcal per pound? |
3,500 |
|
|
What is a bomb calorimeter? |
Instrument used to determine the calorie content of a food |
|
|
What is basal metabolism (BMR)? |
The minimal amount of calories expended in a fasting state to keep resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment |
|
|
What is resting metabolism (RMR)? |
Amount of calories the body uses when a person has not eaten in 4 hours |
|
|
What are some factors that influence BMR? (8) |
1. Lean body mass (greatest factor) 2. Larger body surface area 3. Male gender 4. Body temp 5. Thyroid hormone 6. Stress 7. Pregnancy 8. Caffeine and tobacco use |
|
|
What is the Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF)? |
The amount of calories used for digestion of food, absorption, and metabolism |
|
|
What is direct calorimetry? |
The amount of heat released by a person |
|
|
What is indirect calorimetry? |
Measurement of respiratory gas exchanged and released |
|
|
What is brown adipose tissue? |
Infantshave more of, and produces large amounts of heat by metabolizingenergy-yielding nutrients without producing useful energy for the body.
|
|
|
Underweight BMI? |
Less than 18.5 |
|
|
Healthy BMI? |
18.5-24.9 |
|
|
Overweight BMI? |
25-29.9 |
|
|
Obese BMI? |
30 or greater |
|
|
Morbidly obese |
40 or greater |
|
|
Which system controls metabolism and hormones? |
Endocrine system |
|
|
What are the two hunger hormones? |
Leptin and grenlin |
|
|
3 classes of medications for weightloss? |
Amphetamine, Orlistat, and serotonin-altering medications |
|
|
3 kinds of weights surgeries? |
Adjustable band (LAP band), sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass |
|
|
Criteria for weights surgery? (3) |
1. BMI must be 40or greater 2. Obesity must be present for at least 5 years with other attempts failed 3. No history of alcoholism or major untreated psychiatric disorders (depression). |
|
|
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? |
A, E, D and K |
|
|
What are the 2 water soluble vitamins? |
B and C |
|
|
Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored? |
Liver and fatty tissues |
|
|
How are water-soluble vitamins transported? |
By the hepatic portal vein and distributed to the body tissues |
|
|
Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed? |
Small intestines |
|
|
Two classes of minerals? |
Major and Trace |
|
|
What is a major mineral? |
Need more than 100mg per day |
|
|
What is a trace mineral? |
Need less than 100mg per day |
|
|
Identify 3 major minerals |
1. Calcium 2. Phosphorous 3. Potassium |
|
|
Identify 3 trace minerals |
1. Iron 2. Magnesium 3. Copper |
|
|
What does bioavailability of minerals depend on? |
1. Nonmineral components of food 2. Age 3. Gender 4. Genes 5. Nutritional status Diet |
|
|
Where are minerals absorbed? |
Small intestines |
|
|
What is a cofactor? |
Substance that bonds to a protein that is necessary (generally a vitamin or mineral) |
|
|
What is a universal solvent? |
Liquid substance in which other substances dissolve |
|
|
What percent of the human body is made up of water? |
50-70% |
|
|
How much water do men need per day? Women? |
Men= 3.7 liters Women= 2.7 liters |
|
|
What accounts for the greatest source of water output? |
Urinary excretion |
|
|
Three hormones associated with fluid regulation? |
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 2. Angiotensin 3. Aldosterone |
|
|
What role does the pituitary gland play in fluid regulation? |
Regulates and monitors fluid status |
|
|
What happens when there is a high fluid status? |
Pituitary gland releases ADH which increases blood volume and blood pressure rises. |
|
|
What happens when there is a low fluid status? |
Activation of angiotensin and aldosterone which causes a retention of sodium and water, blood pressure returns to normal |
|
|
How does dehydration cause kidney stones? |
Urine is too rich with ions |
|
|
What is hyponatremia? |
Dangerously low blood sodium level |
|
|
Side effects of water intoxification? |
Irregular heartbeat, brain and nerves swell, headaches, confusion, seizure and coma |
|
|
What is hard water? |
Water contains high concentration of calcium and magnesium |
|
|
What is soft water? |
Water contains high concentration of sodium |
|
|
What is intracellular fluid? |
Water inside the cell membrane (K+ and PO4-) |
|
|
What is extracellular space? |
Makes up most of the fluid in the body (Na+ and Cl-) |
|
|
What is osmosis? |
The passage of water through a membrane from a less concentrated compartment to a more concentrated compartment |
|
|
What is isotonic? |
Having equal concentration of solutes |
|
|
What is hypotonic? |
Intracellular concentration of electrolytes is greater than extracellular (inside>outside) |
|
|
What is hypertonic? |
Intracellular concentration of electrolytes is relatively low compared to extracellular concentration (inside |
|
|
What is depolarization? |
When the inner membrane is slightly negative which disrupts the resting state |
|
|
What is repolarization? |
Restoration of the resting nerve cell membrane |
|
|
What is pH? |
A measure of relative acidity or akalinity of a solution |
|
|
What is the pH of normal blood? |
7.4 |
|
|
pH < 7= ??? |
Acidic |
|
|
pH > 7= ??? |
Alkaline |
|
|
What are buffer systems? |
Compound that functions to take up or release H+ ions |
|
|
Which macronutrient is part of the buffering system? |
Protein |
|
|
How do electrolytes function in the kidney? |
Sodium controls the release of acid and base in the urine to maintain pH balance |
|
|
Adequate vs. average intake of sodium? |
Adequate= 1,500mg Average= 2,300-7,300mg |
|
|
What does it mean to be sodium sensitive? |
Sodium has a direct effect on one's blood pressure |
|
|
What is oxidation? |
Loss of an electron |
|
|
What is reduction? |
Gain of an electron |
|
|
What are the two defense systems against free radicals? |
Enzyme systems and antioxidant chemicals |
|
|
What 3 minerals are involved in antioxidant defense? |
Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Selenium |
|
|
What is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E? |
Alpha-tocopheral |
|
|
Where is vitamin E stored? |
Adipose tissue |
|
|
What is carnitine synthesis? |
Vitamin C transports fatty acids to mitochondria |
|
|
What are carotenoids? |
Precursors of Vitamin A |
|
|
Where are carotenoids primarily found? |
Dark leafy greens, yellow/orange vegetables, and some fruits |
|
|
What are zoochemicals? |
Compounds found in food derived from animals |
|
|
What are phytochemical? |
Compounds found in food derived from plants |
|
|
Function of phytochemical? |
Antioxidants |
|
|
What is the role of selenium? |
Aides the activity of glutathione peroxidase |
|
|
What are the three main parts of a bone? |
1. Periosteum 2. Cortical and trabecular bone 3. Bone marrow |
|
|
What are osteoblasts? |
Building of new bone |
|
|
What are osteoclasts? |
Bone cells break down and release bone minerals to the blood |
|
|
What is bone remodeling? |
Degradation and resynthesis of bones |
|
|
What are osteocytes? |
Osteoblasts embedded in the bone matrix |
|
|
What is bone mineral density? |
Concentration of minerals found in bone and used as an indictor of bone health |
|
|
What is Beri Beri? |
Disease where glucose cannot be metabolized to release energy due to a lack of thiamin. |
|
|
Two related compounds of Niacin? |
Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide |
|
|
What is Congenital Hypothyroidism? |
Iodide deficiency passed to an infant in utero. Baby is short and has developmental delays |
