Nur180 - Pathophysiology Exam 6 Review

Front 1

GI disorder caused by abnormally weak contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter which reduces the ability to prevent reflux

Back 1

GERD

Front 2

A client has just been diagnosed with GERD and is put on antacids for treatment. What complications of the disease should the nurse worry about?

Back 2

ulcerations and cancer

Front 3

Term to describe difficulty swallowing

Back 3

dysphagia

Front 4

An acquired or congenital condition where there is blocking or narrowing of opening between the stomach and duodenum

Back 4

pyloric stenosis

Front 5

A 3-week old baby is admitted to the ER. During assessment, the nurse noted pain and distention on the baby’s abdominal area, the mom reported to the nurse that the baby has been vomiting a lot and becomes irritable most of the time. The baby is presenting clinical signs of:

Back 5

Pyloric stenosis

Front 6

A 65 year old client is having abdominal pain, distention, nausea and vomiting. The client is diagnosed with pyloric stenosis. The nurse would know that the client would be at risk for:

Back 6

aspiration pneumonia

Front 7

A condition where there is twisting, turning, and sometimes telescoping strangulation of intestines resulting to decreased blood supply of the involved segment and eventually tissue necrosis

Back 7

Intussusceptions

Front 8

A 16 month old infant is admitted to the ER for intermittent abdominal pain, distention, dehydration, and fever. The admitting doctor diagnosed the client’s condition as intestinal obstruction due to intussusceptions. One significant thing to know about the condition is that it:
a. Can lead to ulceration and possibly cancer
b. Is caused by hyperthrophy of the pyloric sphincter muscle
c. Can cause bowel perforation and tissue necrosis which will lead to peritonitis
d. Is not an emergency condition and that the condition would subside in 2-3 days

Back 8

C. intussusception is an emergency condition where there is intestinal obstruction that prevents fluid and food to pass through. It also cuts off the blood supply to the affected portion and if left untreated, lack of blood causes tissue of the intestinal wall to die. GERD leads to ulceration and cancer. Hypertrophy of pyloric sphincter muscle is a sign of pyloric stenosis.

Front 9

A client is experiencing severe abdominal pain, distention, fever, and has a very low urine output. The client was recently diagnosed with intussusception. The client is immediately sent for emergency treatment because he is experiencing signs and symptoms of:

Back 9

Peritonitis

Front 10

A term that describes the inflammation of the GI lining that causes irritation then eventually ulcer

Back 10

gastritis

Front 11

An elderly client taking NSAIDs for arthritis is at risk for gastritis. The reason NSAIDs is one of the causes is that these drugs:

Back 11

Reduce prostaglandin – which is a protective substance in the gastric mucosa

Front 12

A 56 year old client is admitted in the local community hospital for abdominal pain, hematemesis, nausea and fatigue. The client’s health and medical history include smoking and a recent H. pylori infection. The client reported to have black, tarry stools and is also taking NSAIDs for arthritis. The client is at a high risk for having:

Back 12

Peptic (gastric and duodenal) ulcer

Front 13

A client diagnosed with peptic ulcer is about to go to surgery. The reason surgery is being done is to prevent:

Back 13

GI bleeding

Front 14

Two first semester nursing students are taking care of a client who’s experiencing severe diarrhea, cramping, fatigue and abdominal pain. They are trying to find out if the client is experiencing ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. The nursing students should know that (select all that apply):
a. Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammation that only affects the sigmoid colon and rectal area while Crohn’s disease can affect any area of the GI tract
b. Suggested causes of Ulcerative colitis include infectious, immunologic, dietary and genetics while Crohn’s disease is caused by an autoimmune response, a strong genetic link (family history = 30x more likely to develop the disease), and ethnic background (whites and European Jews)
c. Severe diarrhea with bloody stools is common in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
d. Treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are the same (antibiotics, antidiarrheals, steroids, anticholinergics to decrease motility, surgical)
e. Both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are covered in the next pathophysiology exam and they should know the difference between each disease

Back 14

a, b, c, d, e

Front 15

A client was admitted to the hospital for jaundice, nausea, vomiting, fever and fatigue. The client has a low arterial blood pressure and the client’s lab values show a low albumin level. The client was diagnosed with cirrhosis. What are the most common causes of this disease?

Back 15

Alcohol and hepatitis C

Front 16

One concern about someone who has portal hypertension is the formation of ____ due to an increase in venous pressure

Back 16

Esophageal varices

Front 17

Formerly known as serum hepatitis and transmitted through contact with infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles

Back 17

Hepatitis B

Front 18

Formerly known as infectious hepatitis and transmitted by the fecal – oral route

Back 18

Hepatitis A

Front 19

Type of hepatitis most commonly caused by transfusion and also implicated in infections related to IV drug use

Back 19

Hepatitis C

Front 20

Term that refers to the inflammation of the gall bladder and associated with gall stones

Back 20

Cholecystitis

Front 21

A client is admitted to the hospital for cholecystitis and presence of gall stones. The client asked the nurse what are gall stones made up of. The nurse (hopefully) knows that gall stones are primarily made up of:

Back 21

Cholesterol – approximately 80% of gall stones are composed of cholesterol; the other 20% are black and brown pigmented stones consisting of calcium salts with bilirubin

Front 22

A term that describes inflammation of the pancreas that may be caused by injury or damage to pancreatic cells and ducts causing a leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the pancreatic tissue

Back 22

Pancreatitis

Front 23

A 45 year old client was admitted to the hospital for fever, hypotension, hypovolemia and epigastric pain radiating to the back. The client’s health history includes excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. The lab report shows an increase in the serum amylase level. The client shows clinical manifestations of:

Back 23

Pancreatitis

Front 24

Which client is at a great risk for having esophageal cancer?
a. Men over 40 years old
b. People living in Japan, Chile, or Iceland
c. People who are older than 50 years of age and have Crohn’s disease
d. Person who has GERD

Back 24

D. men over 40 years old and people living in Japan, Chile, or Iceland are at great risk for stomach (gastric) cancer. People who are older than 50 years of age and have Crohn’s disease are at risk for colon cancer

Front 25

Most common type of esophageal cancer that begins in the lower esophagus near the stomach

Back 25

Adenocarcinoma

Front 26

Type of cancer that occurs most frequently in men over 40 years old and may be related to increased intake of salted, cured, and smoked foods and decreased vitamin C consumption

Back 26

Gastric (stomach) cancer

Front 27

A 45 year old client who went to his primary physician for complains of abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, loss of appetite, and excessive belching and gas (flatus). Which diagnostic test would the physician order to determine the condition of the client? (Select all that apply):
a. CT scan
b. EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy) and biopsy
c. ABG
d. Upper GI series
e. Urine culture and sensitivity
f. Glucose tolerance test

Back 27

EGD and biopsy, and upper GI series are diagnostic tests used to determine presence of gastric cancer

Front 28

A 56 year old client went to his physical for his regular medical checkup. He complains of abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and feeling constipated. Aside from ordering the client to go for a colonoscopy to determine the diagnosis, the physician would also assess for (select all that apply):
a. Family history of colon cancer
b. Recent physical activity
c. Diet (smoking, alcohol, vitamin deficiency)
d. The client’s sexual activity
e. The client’s pain threshold / tolerance
f. The client’s sleep patterns

Back 28

Family history of colon cancer and diet (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, vitamin B6 deficiency) are risk factors of colon cancer. The client’s recent physical activity, sexual activity, pain threshold / tolerance and sleep patterns aren’t assessments related or appropriate to the current situation

Front 29

Disease that describe the lack of nerve cells that enable intestinal muscles to move stool through the large intestine (colon). Stool becomes trapped in the colon, filling the colon and causing it to expand to larger than normal

Back 29

Hirschsprung’s disease

Front 30

A client who just had intra-abdominal surgery is complaining of abdominal pain, cramping and constipation. The client is receiving medications including narcotics. The client’s lab values show a low potassium level. The physician sent the client for diagnostic GI series to determine presence of:

Back 30

Hirschsprung’s disease

Front 31

A nurse in the pediatric unit is taking care of a client experiencing diarrhea. The nurse knows that complications of diarrhea include:

Back 31

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

Front 32

A condition where there is an abnormal connection between the trachea and esophagus

Back 32

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Front 33

A condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch

Back 33

Esophageal atresia

Front 34

Classical sign of tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Back 34

Vomiting out of the nose

Front 35

Developmental anomaly that’s caused by the incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process during the second month of development and commonly occurs under one nostril, but the defect can be bilateral and symmetric or asymmetric

Back 35

Cleft lip

Front 36

A disease that’s caused by a severe protein deficiency that causes the liver to swell because of inability to produce lipoproteins for cholesterol synthesis

Back 36

Kwashiorkor syndrome

Front 37

A disease that’s characterized by a deficiency of all nutrients with extensive tissue and muscle wasting as symptoms

Back 37

Marasmus

Front 38

Most common GI emergency in newborns that’s thought to be caused by reduced mucosal blood flow (ischemia leads to inflammation and necrosis of intestinal segments)

Back 38

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Front 39

Mild abdominal distention to bowel perforation, grossly bloody stools and septicemia are clinical manifestations of

Back 39

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

Front 40

An immune-mediated disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten-containing grains is defined as:

Back 40

Celiac disease

Front 41

A hormone that stimulates the release of cortisol, which regulates metabolism and blood pressure

Back 41

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 42

A hormone that stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones

Back 42

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Front 43

Hormones that control sexual functions in males and females – also known as gonadotropins or sex hormones

Back 43

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 44

Hormone that stimulates milk production and female breast growth

Back 44

Prolactin

Front 45

A disorder of the endocrine system where there is excessive release of ADH that results in fluid retention and dilutional hyponatremia

Back 45

Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH (SIADH)

Front 46

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Back 46

Graves disease

Front 47

Signs and symptoms of Graves disease include (select all that apply):
a. Restlessness
b. Bulging eyes (exophthalmos)
c. Fatigue
d. Excessive sleepiness
e. Constipation
f. Anxiety
g. Insomnia
h. Modest weight gain
i. Dry skin

Back 47

Restlessness, bulging eyes (exophthalmos), anxiety, insomnia are signs and symptoms of Graves disease


Fatigue, excessive sleepiness, constipation, and dry skin are signs and symptoms of Hashimoto’s disease

Front 48

An autoimmune disease that’s the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is believed to have a genetic basis

Back 48

Hashimoto’s disease

Front 49

In hyperthyroidism, the TSH levels are ____ while T3 and T4 levels are ____

Back 49

TSH levels are low, T3 and T4 levels are high

Front 50

Patients diagnosed with hypothyroidism typically have ____ basal metabolic rate and tend to have a ____ energy level due to fatigue

Back 50

Low BMR and low energy level

Front 51

A hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of cortisol

Back 51

Cushing’s syndrome

Front 52

Eric Cartman is admitted to South Park hospital for severe fatigue, irritability, high blood pressure and high blood sugar. The nurse did a physical assessment and noted that Eric has a rounded face, increased fat around the neck, purplish pink stretch marks on the abdomen area and the thighs. His mother told the nurse he’s also taking prednisone for chronic asthma. Based on the information gathered, Eric shows clinical manifestations of:

Back 52

Cushing’s syndrome

Front 53

In Cushing’s syndrome, ACTH levels are ____ while cortisol levels are _____

Back 53

ACTH levels are high due to pituitary adenomas (tumor) and cortisol levels are high

Front 54

An autoimmune disease where hormone deficiency caused by damage to the outer layer of the adrenal gland results to decreased production of cortisone and aldosterone

Back 54

Addison’s disease

Front 55

A condition when a rare tumor develops in the core of the adrenal glands and causes the adrenal glands over secrete too much catecholamines therefore raising blood pressure and heart rate

Back 55

Pheochromocytoma

Front 56

A client recently diagnosed with pheochromocytoma just got out of surgery to remove the tumor and is now in the ICU. One important nursing intervention is to:

Back 56

Continually monitor vital signs especially the blood pressure

Front 57

Hormone that controls water loss by the kidneys and increase water resoprtion

Back 57

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 58

Type of diabetes where there is no production of insulin

Back 58

Type 1 diabetes

Front 59

Classical signs of diabetes are:

Back 59

Polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger)

Front 60

What are the diagnostic tests for diabetes?

Back 60

Glucose tolerance test, fasting blood sugar