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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is cardiovascular disease? |
Cardiovascular Disease includes diseases of the heart and blood vessels and stroke |
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How much blood does the heart pump per minute? |
Pumps 4–5 litres of blood per minute |
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What is the base and what is the apex of the heart? |
Apex: pointy bit. Ventricles. Base: the top, really. Atrium. Fatter bit. |
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What are the three layers of the heart? |
Pericardium ‐ Outer layer Myocardium ‐ Middlelayer Endocardium ‐ Innerlayer |
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What is Ischaemia? |
restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive) |
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What is infarction? |
obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue. |
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What is the difference b/w ischemia and infarction? |
myocardial ischemia is a decrease in blood supply to the heart tissue which leads to chest pain or angina pectoris myocardial infarction is the end point of ischemia that results in death of heart tissue due AKA infarction is worse than ischemia |
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What are the three layers of the arteries? |
tunica intima, media & externa |
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What type of valves do veins have? |
one way valves |
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What "patient profile" info would you get during a cardiovascular health history? |
Age Gender Ethnicity |
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What subjective data, overall, would you hope to gain from a cardiovascular health history? (5) |
- Patient’s profile - Chief complaint (Location, quality, quantity, timing etc.) - Past health history - Family health history - Social history |
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What are some of the common chief complaints you'll here during a CV history? (5) |
Chest Pain Palpitations Syncope Peripheral oedema Extremity pain |
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What is syncope? |
temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure |
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Where is the apex found in children? Where is the apex found in adults? |
Less than 7 = 4th intercostal space Older children up to adults = 5th intercostal space |
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What are some pediatric considerations when looking at CV health? (3) |
- Congenital heart defect - Delayed development may appear - ^ exercise ability decreased |
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In past health history, what type of medical history would you want to get? |
Cardiac-related AND non-cardiac |
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What kind of HA info would you be seeking? (8) |
Surgical history (bypass) Allergies (aspirin) Communicable diseases (Rheumatic fever) Injuries and accidents (chest trauma) Childhood illness (again, rheumatic fever) Family health history (heart strokes) Social history (drug use/tobacco) Health promotion activities (yoga, checkups) |
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How do you prepare for a CV assessment? (3) |
- Consider & evaluate what the health history has offered - Hand Hygiene - Get a suitable environment (quiet for auscultation, warm for disrobing) |
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What equipment might you need for a CV assessment? (8) |
Examination table Stethoscope Sphygmomanometer Watch with second hand Doppler Oxygen Saturation probe Weighing scales Linen for draping, privacy and gloves |
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What is your general approach to a CV assessment/initial phases? (5) |
- Explain procedure - Verbal consent - Warm, quiet, well-lit - Expose chest only as much as require - Semifowlers position |
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What is the general assessment procedure? |
I - Inspection P - Palpation A - Auscultation |
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What vital signs would you gather during CV assessment? (6) |
-Temperature - Heart rate and rhythm - Respiratory rate - SaO2 - Blood pressure (Potential errors, Orthostatic (uprate) changes, Bilateral arms) - Pain scale |
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Where would you expect to see visible pulsations? |
Nowhere except the point of maximum impulse (PMI) in the mitral area (only if you're really thin, otherwise would be abnormal) |
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What do you inspect + palpate during a CV assessment? (3) |
- Precordium (just above the heart) - Blood vessels & refill (nails) - jugular venous pressure - |
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What areas would you expect to hear when you listen to the precordium? |
A = aortic area P = pulmonic area E = Erb's point T = tricuspid area M = mitral area |
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What three ways can you listen to heart sounds? What should you consider when picking a position? |
Supine (on your back) Sitting up & leaning forward Left lateral Patients ability to sustain position |
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What is S1? Where is it best heard? What does the sound represent? |
Heart sound 1. "Lub" Apex of heart AV valves closing - makes systole |
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What is S2? Where is it best heard? What does the sound represent? |
Heart sound 2. "Dub" Base of heart. Closure of SL valves - markes diastole |
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What are abnormal findings when auscultating the heart? (2) |
Murmors. Pericardial friction rub (sounds like a to-and-fro) |
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How would you assess the blood vessels? (3) |
- Arterial pulses palpate - ^ look for rate, rhythm - Auscultate temporal, carotid, femoral pulses for bruits |
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What are you looking for when you inspect the face? (3) |
Just view. Look for cyanosis. mucous. dehydration. |
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What do you look for in the nails? |
- Shape & colour - Papillary refill (palpate) |
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What is Homan's sign? |
A sign of DVT, you test via dorsal flexion and pain or no pain |
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What do you look for in the lower limbs? (5) |
Oedema Superficial veins Tenderness Present pulses Symmetry
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What is Turgor? |
The ability for the skin to return back to normal when pinched/manipulated Sign of dehydration |
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What is JVP? What position? |
jugular venous pressure 45 degree |
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How do you test the hepatojugular reflux, what does it test? |
Relationship b/w liver and jugular/congestion Looks for right-sided congested heart failure & fluid overload |
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What are some warning signs of potential cardiac problems. (7) |
-Fatigue -Feeling of impending doom -Numbness in the extremities -Pain that limits self-care -Palpitations -Syncope [Fainting] -Tingling in the extremities. |
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How do you assess Pulsus paradoxus? what does it test for? |
difference between 1st systolic sound & next systolic sounds |
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How do you test for Orthostatic hypotension? |
Test BP sitting, then standing Could mean dehydration or medication |
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