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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the motor disturbances in disease? (7)
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Weakness,
spasticity (resistance to passive movement), Rigidity, ataxia (shaky movements, unsteady gait), hypokinesia/akinesia (loss of M. tonicity/responsiveness), hyperkinesia (increase in M. tonicity/responsiveness), apraxia (inability to make skilled movements) |
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What would be the development of a vascular occlusion?
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immediate paralysis
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What would be the development of a tumour (rate of symptoms)?
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slowly progressive symptoms and signs
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What are lower motor neurones?
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alpha motor neurones that project to extra-fusel muscle fibers.
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What symtoms characterise LNM lesions?
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Weakness and decreased strength of muscle stretch reflex
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List the range of sites that can be effected in LMN?
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muscle spindles, primary afferents, spinal cords, alpha motor neurones, motor-neurone axons, neuromuscular junctions
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Give 6 examples of LMN syndrome indicated by a weak MSR?
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Peripheral neuropathy
Injury in dorsal ventral root (herniated disk fragment) Tabes dorsarlis (loss of large diameter axons in dorsal root - syphilis infection Polio myelitis (virus kills motor neurones) Myasthenia gravis (decreased neuromuscular transmission) Muscular dystrophy (primary muscle disease) |
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If LMN disease leads to a M. loosing innervation what will occur?
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atrophy
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What are the 4 characteristic signs of UMN lesions?
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Weakness, hyperactive reflexes, reverse some FRA-driven reflexes, no signs of muscle denervation (paralysed, tone lost, atrophy)
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Whats the pattern of effect in UMN lesion?
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Groups of M. not individual M.
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What tract does an UMN lesion invariably involve?
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corticospinal tract. (maybe rubrospinal tract and reticulospinal tract)
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What cells give rise to the large axon neurones of the corticospinal tract?
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The Betz cells
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What are the symptoms of a spinal cord transection?
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Loss of voluntary movements, Anastasia, temporary loss of reflexes followed by hyper-relfexia, cervical transection produces quadriplegia, while below this paraplegia
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What are the symptoms of a Brainstem lesions?
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UMN deficit on the contralateral side of the body + LMN deficits for cranial nerve nuclei.
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What are the three main causes of stroke?
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thrombosis, embolism, haemorrhage,
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Where do the great majority of strokes occur and what is the predominate type of symtoms?
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Internal capsule, motor sympoms
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What are the symptoms of basal ganglia disease and damage?
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Hyperkinesia or hypokinesia, no weakness apraxia.
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5 types of hyperkinetic movement?
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Chorea=continuing series of rapid jerky movements that are fragments of purposeful movements
Athetosis=continual uncontrolled writhing Dystonia= extreme contractions forcing unusual movements Ballismus=jumping about Tics=repeated stereotyped fragments of movements |
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On which side of the body do lesions to the basal ganglia produce symptoms?
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Counterlateral
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Give two basal ganglion diseases with hyperkinetic symptoms?
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Ballism and Huntington's
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Give a brief description of Ballism?
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Damage to sub thalamic nuclei - disinhibition of movement via indirect pathway.
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Give a brief description of Huntington's disease?
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Degeneration of caudate/putamen (striatum) causes choreiform movements, Striatal spiny neurones that inhibit the indirect pathway are the most effected initially.
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Give an example of basal ganglion disease with hypokinetic symptoms?
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Parkinson's
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Briefly describe Parkinson's?
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degeneration of dopamine producing pathways in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Low dopamine input to the the striatum cannot energise movement through the direct and indirect pathway
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Give a brief list a Parkinson's symptoms?
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Bradykinestia (difficulty of initiating and slowness of executing movements), resting tremor, rigidity (including cog-wheel rigidity)
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Which side of the body is effected in a cerebellar lesion.
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ipsilateral!
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What is controlled by the follicular nodular lobe?
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balance + eye movements
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What is controlled by the vermis and the pars intermedia?
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they adjust ongoing movement of the whole body.
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What is controlled by the cerebellar hemispheres?
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coordinate the planing of limb movements - project to PM cortex in partcular
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Give 8 symptoms of a cerebellar lesion (hint: think about its control)
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Hypotonus (loss of M. tone-reduced spindle discharge)
Cerebellar Ataxia - clumsiness of willed movements. Dysmetria - impaired coordination Asynergia - loss of coordination between different muscle groups Postural Abnormalities Ataxia (Trunk + Legs) - unsteady gait Ataxia - arms loss of smooth movement with intention tremor Dysdiadochkinesia - clumsiness in performing rapidly changing movements (due to force +rhythm deficits) |
