Networking Essentials

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1000BaseT

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1000 Mbps Ethernet (1Gbps) over twisted pair cabling: defined by IEEE standard 802.3ab

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100BaseFX

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100 Mbps Ethernet over two strand fiber optic cable

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100BaseT4

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100 Mbps Ethernet over four-pair Cat 3 or higher UTP

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100BaseTX

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100 Mbps Ethernet over two-pair Cat 5 or higher UTP

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10Base2

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A designation for 802.3 Ethernet thin coaxial cable (also called thinnet, thinwire or cheapernet). The 10 indicates a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, the Base indicates it's a baseband transmission technology, and the 2 indicates a maximum segment length of 185 meters (originally 200, hence the 2) for this cable type.

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10Base5

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A designation for 802.3 Ethernet thick coaxial cable (also called thicknet or thickwire). The 10 indicates a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, the Base indicates it's a baseband transmission technology, and the 5 indicates a maximum segment length of 500 meters for this cable type.

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10BaseF

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The 10 Mbps Ethernet standard that defines Ethernet over fiber optic cable.

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10BaseT

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A designation for 802.3 Ethernet twisted-pair cable. The 10 indicates a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, the Base indicates it's baseband transmission technology, and the T indicates that the medium is twisted oair. Maximum segment length is around 100 meters.

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802.11

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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for wireless networks

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802.11 Wireless Networking Standard

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An IEEE standard for wireless networking. A version of the 802.11 standard apeared late in 1997.

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802.11i

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A security extension to 802.11 and a successor to Wi Fi Protected Access that is the currently accepted best security protocol for wireless networks.

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802.15

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The IEEE specification that covers emerging standards for wireless personal area networks (PANS).

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802.16

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The IEEE specification that covers wireless metro area networks MANs.

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802.2

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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for the LLC Logical Link Layer sublayer of the OSI model's Data Link Layer.

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802.3

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The IEEE specifcation in Project 802 for Carrier Sense Mutli Access/ Collision Detection networks (more commonly called Ethernet.) Ethernet users can attempt to access the medium anytime it's perceived as quiet, but they must back off and try to transmit again if they detect any collisions after the transmission begins.

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802.5

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The IEEE specification in Project 802 for token ring LANS, which map a circulating ring structure onto a physical star and circulate a token to control access to the medium.

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access control

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In the context of the Network layer and routing, the process whereby a router consults a list of rules before forwarding an incoming packet. The rules detemine whether a packet meeting certain criteria (such as source and destination address) should be permitted to reach the intended destination.

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access control lists

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Sets of rules defined by an admin that determine which packets should be allowed and which should be denied.

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access controls

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Methods for imposing controls that allow or deny users access to network resources, usually based on a user's account or group to which the user belongs.

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access point AP

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The central device, or hub, through which signals pass in a wireless network.

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access point device

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The device that bridges wireless networking components and a wired network. It moves traffic between the wired and wireless sides as needed.

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account name

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String of letters,numbers, or other characters that identify a user's account on a network.

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Active Directory

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The directory service environment fir Windows Server 2000/03. Active Directory include enough info about users, groups, organization units, and other kids of management domains to represent a complete digital model of a network.

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active hubs

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Network devices that regenerate received signals and send them along the network.

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active monitor

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A computer in a token ring network responsible for guaranteeing the network's status.

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active topology

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A networking topology where computers are responsible for for sending data along the network.

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ad hoc topoology

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A wireless communication scheme by which devices communicate directly which one another without using a central hub.

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adapter slot

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The sockets build into a PC motherboard that are designed to accommodate add on cards, such as NICS.

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Address resolution protocl ARP

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A protocol in the TCP/IP suite used to resolve logical IP addresses to physical MAC addresses.

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amplifiers

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Hardware devices that increase the power of electrical signals to maintain their original strength when transmitted across a large network.

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analog

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The method of signal transmission used on broadband networks. Creating analog waveforms from computer based digital data requires a special device called a digital to analog d to a converter; reversing the conversion requires an analog to digital a to d converter. Broadband networking equipment must include both kinds of devices to work.

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antenna

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A turned electromagnetic device that can send and receive broadcast signals at particular frequencies. In wireless networking devices, an antenna is an important part of a devices sending and receiving circuitry.

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Application Layer

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Layer 7 in the OSI reference model provides interfaces that enable applications to request and receive network services.

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application protocol

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A type of protocol that works in the upper layers of the OSI model to provide application to application interaction.

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application server

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A specialized network server with the job of providing access to a client/server application and sometimes to the data belonging to that application.

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application server providers

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Companies that specialize in providing customers with access to application and file services through a Web browser over the internet.

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asymmetric communication

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Communication in which data travels in the download direction at a speed different from the speed of the upload direction.

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Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL

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A digital telecommunications technology that uses different speeds for downloading and uploading data.

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asynchronous

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A communication method that sends data in a stream with a start and stop bits that indicate where data begins and ends.

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode ATM

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A high speed network technology designed for both LAN and WAN use. ATM uses connection oriented switches to allow senders and receivers to communicate over a network.

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attached resource computing network ARCnet

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A 2.5 Mbps LAN technology created by Datapoint Corp. in the late 1970s. Uses token based networking technology and runs over several kinds of coax cable, twisted pair, and fiber optic cable.

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attenuation

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The weakening of a signal as it travels the length of a medium, which eventually causes the signal to be unreadable.

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auditing

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Recording selected events or actions for later review. Audits can help establish patterns and note changes in those pasterns that might signal trouble.

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authentication

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A security feature that allows an admi to control who has access to the network.

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authorization

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A security feature that allows an admin to control what a user can do and which resources can be access after the user is authenticated.

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automatic link aggregation

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A feature of some NICs that add the bandwidth of two installed NICs together, resulting in a higher aggregate bandwidth.

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APIPA

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A special range of addresses that starts with 169.254 and is used by a computer when no DHCP server responds to a DHCP request.

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auto negotiation

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The process by which a NIC driver automatically selects an operating mode (speed and duplex mode). To make this selection, the NIC driver negotiates the optimal connection type with the device the NIC is connected to.

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back end

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A server in a client/server networking environment.

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backbone

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A single cable segment used in a bus topology to connect computers in a straight line.

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Backbone

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A single cable segment used in a bus topology to connect computers in a straight line.

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Backbone Cabling

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The part of the cable plant that interconnects telecommunication closets and equipment rooms. Backbone cabling runs between floors or wings of a building to carry network traffic destined for devices outside the work area.

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backdoor

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A program installed on a computer that permits access to the computer, thus bypassing the normal authentication process.

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bandwidth

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The range of frequencies that a communications medium can carry. For baseband networking media, the bandwidth also indicates the theoretical maximum amount of data that the medium can transfer. For broadband networking media, the bandwidth is measured by the variations that any single carrier frequency can carry, minus the analog to digital conversion overhead.

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baseband transmission

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A technology that uses digital signals sent over a cable with modulation. It sends binary values 0s and 1s as pulses of different voltage levels.

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Basic Rate Interface BRI

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An ISDN revision that provides two 64 Kbps B channels. Generally used for remote connections.

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baud

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A measurement of modem speed that describes the state transitions occurring pers second on an analog phone line.

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beaconing

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The signal transmitted on a token ring network to inform networked computers that token passing has stopped because of an error.

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bend radius

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For networking cabling, the maximum arc that a segment of cable can be bent over some unit length, usually one foot or meter without incurring damage.

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binding

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The OS level association of NICs, protocols, and services to a fine tuned network operation and performance.