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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 major groups of Biotic pests are: |
Weeds Insects Diseases |
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Pests and diseases directly damage turf grass. How are weeds different? |
Weeds do not damage turf. Instead weeds fill voids of already weakened strands of turf. |
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Dandelion |
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How does a dandelion adapt to a lawn that is frequently cut? |
Dandelion adjust to a more prostrate growth (flat across the ground) in order to avoid being cut. |
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Why does a dandelion root make it difficult for removal? |
They have a deep taproot |
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Plantain (broadleaf) |
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Where is plantain most commonly found on a site? |
Highly compacted areas (along driveways, walkways). |
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What makes plantain more drought tolerant than most Weeds? |
It's slender and fibrous roots system |
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What is the best cultural management technique for removing Plantain? |
Reduce soil compaction and maintain a healthy stand of turf |
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Plantain (narrowleaf) |
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White clover |
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What is the best way to manage white clover? |
Ensure adequate nitrogen fertility in turf stand to reduces clovers competitiveness (Since clover can self fertilize) |
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Prostrate knotweed |
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Prostrate knotweed |
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When does prostrate knotweed germinate? |
It is one of the first weeds to germinate in the spring |
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The presence of prostrate knotweed is an indicator of What? |
Soil compaction |
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How do you manage prostrate knotweed? |
Reducing compaction and establishing healthy turf |
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Hawkweed |
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Hawkweed |
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Hawkweed |
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Where does hawkweed thrive? |
In acidic soils and low fertility soils. |
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How do you manage hawkweed? |
Ensure adequate fertility to reduce their competitiveness |
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Black medick |
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Black medick |
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Why is black medick commonly found in turfed areas? |
It is tolerant to low mowing heights |
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Black medick can fix it's own nitrogen. True or false |
True |
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Chickweed |
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Chickweed |
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Primary management of chickweed involves _________. |
Hand weeding. |
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Yarrow |
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Yarrow |
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What is the best management for Yarrow? |
Ensure adequate fertility so the turf grass can outcompete the yarrow |
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Two methods for monitoring weeds |
Transect method Grid method |
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When chemicals are required for pest management, what percentage of an area can they be applied to? |
50% of the area or LESS |
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Why does a plants resistence to herbicides increase in hot, dry weather? |
The plant closes it's pores to conserve water, allowing less herbicide to enter the plant |
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When should herbicides be applied to Dandelions? |
Before the first flowers appear. If the flowers are allowed to bloom before spraying then the seeds will germinate in the bare ground. |
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How does corn gluten meal work as an alternative fertilizer? |
Natural chemicals in the gluten kill seeds as they germinate, but has no affect on growing plants |
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Why is understanding the life cycle of an insect important? |
For proper timing of control methods. Some insects are resistant to control methods at different stages of their life |
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Insects that affect turf grasses follow one of these two major life cycle patterns: |
1.Incomplete metamorphosis (Also called gradual) 2. Complete metamorphosis |
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What are the three stages of incomplete metamorphosis (gradual life cycle) |
Egg Nymph Adult |
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Does church bug have a gradual life cycle (incomplete metamorphosis) Or an complete life cycle? |
Incomplete metamorphosis (gradual) |
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What are the four life stages of complete metamorphosis |
Egg Larva Pupa Adult |
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The majority of insects that feed on turf grass fall into which category: Incomplete metamorphosis (gradual) Complete metamorphosis |
Complete metamorphosis |
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The Pupal stage in the complete life cycle is vulnerable to most treatment methods. True or false |
False. The Pupal phase is resistant to most treatment methods including insecticides |
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Larvae usually feed at a different site on the plant than the adults. True or false |
True. |
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What stage is this in incomplete metamorphosis |
Egg |
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What stage is this in incomplete metamorphosis? |
Nymph |
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What stage is this in incomplete metamorphosis? |
Adult |
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What stage is this in the complete metamorphosis cycle? |
Larva |
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What stage is this in the complete metamorphosis cycle? |
Pupa |
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What stage is this in the complete metamorphosis cycle? |
Adult |
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What insect is this? |
Hairy Chinch bug |
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What insect is this? |
Hairy chinch bug |
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Where do chinch bugs overwinter? |
Base of trees Under hedges and shrubs Edge of lawns Thatch |
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When do chinch bugs emerge? |
Spring. When temperature reaches around 20° |
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Chinch bug nymphs grow and molt 5 times. What is the stage in between each molt called? |
Instar |
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How do chinch bugs damage turf? |
Nymphs insert their proboscis (mouth part) into the crown or stem of the leaves and suck the sap from the plant. This also injects a toxin which kills the plant |
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Which insect caused this damage? |
Chinch bug |
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What area of a lawn do chinch bugs nymphs prefer? |
Open, sunny, dry areas |
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What is this method for monitoring chinch big called? |
Flotation method |
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A method for monitoring chinch bug that uses a frame or quadrant that is them placed on a lawn. Chinch bugs are then counted within each frame. What is the name of this method? |
Quadrant method |
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What is one of the best cultural and physical ways to manage hairy chinch bug? |
Keeps soil moist. Fungal organisms that thrive in moist soil are antagonistic to chinch bug |
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If insecticides are necessary for management of chinch bug then at what point in a chinch bugs life cycle will the chemicals have the most effect? |
When 3rd instar nymphs are present. This is because most eggs habe hatched by this point, and 4th and 5th instars are more resistant to insecticides |
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What insect is this? |
White grub |
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This beetle is spreading into the North East and is becoming problematic |
European Chafer |
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What insect is this? |
Japanese beetle |
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White grubs are the larvae stage of several related species of beetle. The most common grub pest In Atlantic Canada is: |
May/June beetles |
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How many years does it take a June beetle to complete it's life cycle in Canada? |
3 years |
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Where does a June beetle lay it's eggs? |
1.2 -5cm beneath the soil surface .5- 2 inches " " |
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In The Atlantic region significant damage to turf can be caused by skunks, raccoons, and birds that are digging for _______. |
Grubs. |
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What is the telltale symptom of grub feeding on turf? |
When turf is separated from the soil and can easily be lifted like thick sod. |
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What are some naturally occurimg predators of beetle eggs and larvae? |
Nematodes Bacteria Fungal pathogens |
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What is the primary cultural practice for reducing grub numbers? |
Avoiding irrigation during egg laying. Eggs and early instar larvae require moist soils to survive |
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What are Entomopathogenic nematodes |
Microscopic work-like orgnasisms that kill insect larvae. |
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Name 3 things thay nematodes are sensitive to |
Desiccation (drying out) Ultra violet light Extremes in temperature |
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Sod webworm |
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Sod webworm |
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This insect gets it's name from a silk web-like protective netting that these insects form over their burrow holes |
Sod webworm |
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What is the first sign of sod webworm injury to turf? |
Small patches of yellow or brown grass usually in sunny areas |
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What method is used for estimating webworm populations? |
Soap drench method |
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Parasitic wasps,flies,beetles, ants and birds are all natural enemies of sod webworm and can be used for pest control. True or False |
True |
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This naturally occurring bacterium acts as a stomach poison when eaten by caterpillars |
BT (bacillus thuringiensis) |
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European crane fly |
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Leather jacket (European crane fly larvae). |
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European crane fly eggs are highly tolerant of dry soils True or False |
False. Dry soil may cause eggs to die |
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What climate if preferred by European crane fly? |
A climate with high rainfall and low winter temperatures |
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Where are letherjackets often present on a site? |
Shady areas and slopes from the North and East side of buildings (Where moisture is slightly higher). |
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What method can be used to monitor leather jacket infestations? |
Cut 3 1ft sides of a square of turf and fold it back. Scrape the soil and count leather jackets |
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What can be done if you suspect an infestation of leather jackets? |
Avoid irrigating your lawn |
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How do you effectively control leather jackets with chemicals? |
Irrigate 2-3 days before treatment is applied (this brinhs the pest closer to the surface) then spray so that leather jackets encounter the products as they emerge in the evening |
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Term used for the number of insects per area needed to cause damage |
Damage threshold |
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Insects undergoing complete metamorphosis are resistant to insecticides during the egg and Pupal stages. True or False |
True |
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Of Kentucky Blue Grass, fine fescues, and perennial Rye grass, which are susceptible to neurotic ring spot and which are resistant? |
Kentucky Blue Grass and fines fescues are susceptible Perennial rye grass is resistant |
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Necrotic ring spot |
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Symptoms in a patch-like or round pattern usually indicate a ________ is responsible for turf grass injury. |
Disease |
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Grey snow mold |
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What cultural practices can be used to defend from fungi? |
Increase sunlight and airflow to decrease leaf wetness. |
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What causes black layer? |
Lack of oxygen in soil which encourages growth and survival of anaerobic organisms. These organisms produce methane which is toxic to plants |
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This is a layer of partially decomposed organic matter just above the soil surface. |
Thatch |
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With IPM it is necessary to eliminate all pests True of False |
False. You only need to reduce pest numbers below a damaging level |
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Lady beetles can be used if ______ colonies are present as the lady beetle is a natural predator |
Aphid colonies |
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Selective pesticides |
Toxic to some species with little of no effect on other species |
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Non selective pesticide |
Toxic to a range of species. Beneficial organisms and non target life can be harmed. |
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Residual pesticides |
Remain effective on a treated surface or area for some time after application |
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Persistent pesticides |
Remain active for months or years before breaking down. Can build up in animal or plant tissues |
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Non persistent pesticides |
Do not remain active in the environment for more than a year. Often break down into inactive compounds within days or weeks |
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What becomes a major concern when pesticides are overused? |
Pest populations can become resistant |
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Treatment records for pesticide applications should include the following |
Applicators name Date, time , location Pesticide used Amount used. Type of equipment and settings Weather Safety issues Evaluation of treatment |
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The federal LAW that governs pesticides in Canada is |
Pest Control Products Act |
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Who regulates pesticides laws in Canada? |
The pest management regulatory agency (PMRA) of Health Canada |
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Which class of pesticide is registered for home use? |
Domestic |
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What is MRL |
Maximum Residue Level The maximum amount of pesticides residue that can be safely contained in food products |
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MRL's are established under what act? |
Food and drugs act |
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Pesticides are governed under this act in New Brunswick |
Pesticide Control Act |
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The part of a pesticide formulation that gives it the desired or toxic effect. A pesticide can have more than one of these. |
Active ingredient |
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Pesticides can not be applied once wind speeds exceed ___ km per hour |
16km |
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No mixing or loading of pesticides is to take place within ___ metres of surface water. |
30 metres |
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An invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. |
Anthropod |
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This links specific stages in a plants life with those of particular insects. |
Plant phenology |
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Plant Phenology |
Based on the fact that plants and certain animals (insects) have a specific life cycle that they follow based on weather conditions, especially temperature. |
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How long is the life cycle of a June beetle? |
3 years |
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What year in its lifecycle does the June beetle cause the most damage? |
Second year |
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What month does the adult JUNE beetle lay it's eggs? How long after do the grubs emerge? |
June Two weeks later |
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What month do adult chinch bugs begin to appear on lawns? |
Mid May |
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When do chinch bugs lay their eggs? |
May-june |
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At what temperature are chinch bugs most active? |
Over 20 degrees |
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Wasps larvae, flies, moths, and beetles that live and feed within plant foliage are called: |
Leafminers |
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Pests that mine the foliage of conifers are referred to as: |
Needleminers |
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Black knot |
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Black spot |
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Blight |
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Aphids |
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Aphids |
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Fungus gnats |
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Mealy bugs |
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Tree scale |
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Thrip |
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Thrip |
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White fly |
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Span worm |
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Span worm |
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Cutworm |
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Cutworm |
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Shoot moth |
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Root weevil |
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Pearslug |
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Cypress tip moth |
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6 steps in an IPM program |
1. Manage 2. Inspect 3. Monitor 4. Decide 5. Control 6. Evaluate |
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The founding principle of IPM is |
Prevention of Pest problems by providing ideal conditions for healthy plant growth |
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The science of using plant biological indicators to predict the onset of Pest populations |
Phenology |
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Pesticides should ONLY be used once pest population has reached this level |
Injury/damage threshold |
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Systemic pesticide |
Can be absorbed through the leaves or roots of a plant. If an insecticide it Kills insects that feed on the plant |
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Non systemic pesticide |
Contact pesticide. Must come into contact with insect to be effective |
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LD50 value |
The amount of product needed to kill 50% of test animals. The lower the LD value the more potent the product is |
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3 ways to apply pesticide to a site |
1.Spreader for granular 2.Sprayer for liquids 3.Non spray applicator (wick applicator) for spot applications |
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What insect is the vector for Dutch Elms disease? |
Elm Bark Beetle |
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What pest has become a major concern for birch trees? |
Bronze birch borer |
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Weeds that usually grow in turf areas that are water soaked or slow draining |
Sedges |
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Sedge |
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Grassy weeds most often spread by |
Roots or stolons |
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What are the benefits of a liquid fertilizer over a granular fertilizer? |
Liquid is less expensive, More effective |
