Music 201 Final

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Combination classical and Gothic; crowds figures as in early styles; distortion of figures.

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Nicola Pisano

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figures more slender; more space unlike earlier style; intensity of feeling (N. Gothic); relief tilted toward viewer for intensity

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Giovanni Pisano

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derived from Italo-byzantine tradition; attempts 3D shading on body

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Cimabue

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uses architecture to give space; signals Int'l Gothic style

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Duccio

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student of Cimabue; most influential artist of his era; moving toward renaissance; solid figures; attempts realism

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Giotto

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rich colors; expressive style; typical of Int'l Gothic art

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Martini

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attempts believable perspective in buildings

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Lorenzetti

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Rise of Burgundy important cultural center; focus on everyday subjects

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Limbourg Bros.

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complexity of music (Ars Nova); Emphasis on top voice; formes fixes; Messe de Notre Dame first unified mass setting of complete Mass Ordinary

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Guillaume de Machaut

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emergence of vernacular literary tradition in Italy; high quality sonnets important for later madrigal composers

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Petrarch

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documents plague and effects on society; Decameron; moral glimpses into medieval life

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Boccaccio

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one of most important English writers; Canterbury Tales; description of Characters

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Chaucer

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late example of Int'l Gothic style

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da Fabriano

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Monumental; classical; symmetrical; early manifestation of Renaissance ideals; realism and perspective attempted

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Masaccio

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symbolic painting; prosperity of Italian bankers; detail and visual tricks (mirror)

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Jane van Eyck

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first free-standing nude sculpture since antiquity; biblical scene rendered;classical reticence in face; Mary Magdalene very expressive

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Donatello

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Debt to Masaccio; observation of natural world; some illogical aspects that are not classical

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Fra Angelico

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Fascinated with perspective/foreshortening; included horses; frozen quality to compositions

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Uccello

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Classical scenes, lightness, airiness; Adoration of Magi praises Medici more than Christ child

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Boticelli

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Wide-ranging genius; studied anatomy; Classical/symmetrical arrangements

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Leonardo

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Art tends to show/imply motion; not strictly static; extraordinary technique (Pieta) and monumental style (David)

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Michelangelo - Early

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claimed to have read every book in Italy; synthesis of all learning places man as loftiest creation

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Mirandola

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pragmatist; reputation not entirely deserved; Prince gives instructions on how to retain political power

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Machiavelli

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greatest Christian humanist; Agreed with some aspects of reformation but not support it; cynical

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Erasmus

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Burgundian composer; Missa l'homme arme secular with sacred text

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Dufay

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Greatest French-flemish composer; allows music to influence text; very influential with later on composers

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Josquin

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Ordered space, classical inspiratin, symmetrical arrangments; brilliant colors and clarity

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Raphael

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"Terribilita" twisting figures, "Michelangelesque" (muscular forms, even for women); considered himself primarily sculptor

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Michelangelo - Late

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Oil paintings more suited to Venice's damp climate; detailed; classically arranged; allegorical works

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Giorgione

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student of Giorgione; rich colors and lighting; Titian red; Dynamic paintings

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Titian

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Mannerist; perspective lines converge on darkness; conflation of time periods in clothing; Christ difficult to locate in scene; classic techniques for non-classical ends

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Tintoretto

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mannerist; upturned pyramid shape; ambiguous; shocking colors; void in the middle of the painting

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Pontormo

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mannerist; elongation of proportions; ambiguous scale; disturbing posing and color of baby combined with sensuality of left-hand side of painting

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Parmagianino

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unstable "inverted pyramid" organization; bright colors; twisting and distortion of bodies

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Fontana

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fluid interchange between vocal and instrumental genres in Renaissance; instrumental work in consorts (groupings of similar instruments)

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Susato

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wrote music conforming to characteristics suggested by Vatican council; no secular influence; high point of Renaissance polyphony; changes texture for emphasis (homorhythmic text and setting)

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Palestrina

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worked at St. Mark's in Venice; Church design allowed for splitting of performers into smaller groups in different parts of church; beginning Baroque musical idea (contrast between groups)

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Gabrieli

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begins the reform movement by publishing criticisms of the church; never intended to form a different church; simply to reform traditional one; Lutheran Church still believed Mass was the most important part of Liturgy; congregational singing

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Luther

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first artist to recognize commercial potential for art; specialized in reproducible genres; combines passionate religion with classical learning and techniques

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Durer

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reintroduces Medieval hierarchy of figures (more important figures larger); combined with intense passion and drama; Rejects classical restraint in favor of dramatic even violent images of contemplation

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Grunewald

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one of the first landscape painters; focus on nature important trait in Renaissance

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Altdorfer

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religious artist, but paintings often nightmarish; surreal figures, garish colors

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Bosch

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peasant scenes, everyday people; diagonal lines and composition show Italian influence, but scenes are Northern

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Brueghel

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one of the most important writers in any language, and the most important in English; classical themes in plays, introducing a baroque fashion with supernatural; invented new words, plays are full of ward games; wrote so all could understand

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Shakespeare

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chiaroscuro used to highlight drama of religious scenes; paintings tell a story including back story and future events.

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Caravaggio

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violence of Biblical (apocryphal) stories; mastery of foreshortening; influence of Caravaggio

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Gentileschi

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classical subject matter; intensified through repetition until over the top; "Flight into Egypt" restrained, understated; figures seen after landscape

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Carracci

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David is dynamic, in motion, with powerful facial expression (self-portrait); St Teresa mixed media work; powerfully expressive

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Bernini

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Undulating facade makes building front seem like it's moving; introduction of curve (baroque) into classical design (renaissance)

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Borromini

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French baroque is more restrained than Italian; less violent, figures seem polished, unreal; still using chiaroscuro

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de la Tour

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classical subject matter, stylized posing; bright colors, artificial arrangement

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Poussin

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gentle landscape artists; showing off effect of diffuse light on landscape; more beautiful than nature itself

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Claude Lorrain

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aristocratic portraits; combines realism with symbolic power

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Rigaud

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first great Baroque composer; wrote madrigals in both old and new styles; first Opera Orfeo; first composer to specify instruments in orchestral score; word painting/ madrigalisms

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Monteverdi

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worked in the generation after Shakespeare; intellectual poetry that draws on many resources; metaphysical poet; poetry about death and love

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Donne

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early in career was pamphleteer; always wanted to write epic poem; going blind; Paradise Lost

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Milton

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works in Spain; shows Italian (mannerist) influence in distortion and choice of colors; motion and dynamism in later paintings

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El Greco

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shows/religious violent scene, but presented without judgment; dispassionate and passionate at the same time; strong J-line typical of baroque curvature

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Ribera

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raises the artist to more than simply employee; ambiguity of representation; who is the painting of? who are we?

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Velazquez

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known mainly for painting large naked women; twisting figures in allegorical or classical paintings; importance of light and color

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Rubens

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portrait artist; assistant to Rubens

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Van Dyck

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Dutch artist had to rely on civic institutions for patronage; scene combines individualized portraits with group dynamic

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Hals

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paintings intimate, static, domestic, anonymous; light is diffuse; careful geometric arrangements

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Vermeer

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Biblical painting his most famous works; use of suggestion; rough brush strokes; instead of detailed depiction; strong chiaroscuro

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Rembrandt

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first composer to make career of selling printed music; first to write only instrumental music; first whose work was played after his death; trio sonata genre; great instruments helped improve string playing techniques

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Corelli

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one of the great composers of era; wrote for court but stage also works; Dido and Aeneas; sung all the way through;

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Purcell

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14th century; previous to Renaissance; pivotal period

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Trecento

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Painting by Raphael; lots of figures and giant arch; ideals of renaissance learning; proportion, balance, realism

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School of Athens

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Michelangelo; part of tomb for Julius II; muscular power; potential range; horns symbolic of truth, light, earth

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Moses (statue)

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very large; designed by Michelangelo and Bramante; Bernini designed square in front; somewhat neoclassical

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Saint Peter's Basilica

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build by Michelangelo because pope threatened excommunication if he didn't do it

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Sistine Chapel

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writer; Decameron; about plague; written in Italian

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Boccaccio

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Canterbury tales; the Prince; how to maintain power

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Chaucer

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vowels used to be pronounced in th back of your mouth but now were pronounced in the front of your mouth (Great Vowel shift)

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Jefferey Chaucer

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burro painting technique; shading and contrast

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Chiaroscuro

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painting on plaster, then mixing paint into it, way of covering brick

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fresco

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N. Italy or Germany; da Vinci used this kind of paint

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Oil paint

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clarity of line

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Florentine Renaissance

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mathematical perspective

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Florentine Renaissance

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psychological state; emotion

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Florentine Renaissance

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not crowded any more

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Florentine Renaissance

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everyday things

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Florentine Renaissance

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rebirth of classical ideas in W Europe

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Renaissance

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Bible story for Accroprofol; 3-4 paintings

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Judith and Holofernes

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sculptor; younger David, feminine beauty, feminine wearing modern clothes

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Donatello

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wearing Gothic clothing

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Goliath

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By Erasmus; religious satire; interested in fixing Catholic church from within

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The Praise of Folly

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Architect; father of early renaissance architectural style; smaller

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Bramante

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Artistic style that had sway all over Europe; cluttered and hierarchical; highly ornamented

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Int'l Gothic Style

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Renaissance off-balance

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Mannerism

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New style of music; proration of Rhythmic patterns; rhythmic modes

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Ars Nova

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manners and unreachable desires

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Castiglione

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implied accidentals in music

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musica ficta

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Christine di Pisan

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first successful female writer