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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most common cause of musculoskeletal problems?
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injury from a traumatic event
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How often are accidents fatal?
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they are the leading cause of death in children and young adults; in all ages, accidents are only exceeded by heart disease, cancer, and strokes as a cause of death
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What accounts for many musculoskeletal injuries in the home?
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Falls
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Soft tissue injuries
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sprains, strains, dislocations, and subluxation
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What are the 2 most common types of injury affecting the musculoskeletal system?
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sprains and strains
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What is a sprain?
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an injury to ligamentous structures surrounding a joint
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What is a sprain usually caused by?
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A wrenching or twisting motion
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Classification of sprains
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First-degree (mild), second-degree (moderate), and third-degree (severe)
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First-degree sprain
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involves tears of only a few fibers resulting in mild tenderness and slight swelling
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Second-degree sprain
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partial disruption of the involved tissue with more swelling and tenderness
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Third-degree sprain
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complete tearing of the ligament
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Why are sprains so painful?
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because these areas are rich in nerve endings
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Possible assessment of a third-degree sprain
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a gap in the muscle may be observed or palpated if the muscle is torn
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What are the most common areas where sprains occur?
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the ankle and wrist
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What is a strain?
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an excessive stretching of a muscle and its facial sheath. It often also involves the tendon
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Classifications of strains
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first-degree, second-degree, third-degree
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First-degree strain
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mild or slightly pulled muscle
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Second-degree strain
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moderate or moderately pulled muscle
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Third-degree strain
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severely pulled muscles
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Clinical manifestations of strains and sprains
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pain, edema, decrease in function, edema; Pain aggravated by continued use is common
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Prevention of falls in the older adult
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*use ramps instead of stairs
*eliminate scatter rugs *treat pain from arthritis *use walker or cane *weight control *regular exercise *good shoes *do activities slowly |
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What can happen with a severe sprain?
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it may result in an avulsion frature or may put the joint into dislocation or subluxation
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What is an avulsion fracture
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a fracture where a ligament pulls lose a fragment of bone
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Hemarthrosis
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bleeding into a joint space or cavity
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treatment for third-degree sprains
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they usually require surgical suturing of the muscle and surrounding fascia
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how does preconditioning exercise help a joint?
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protects an in inherently weak joint because slow stretching is tolerated better by tissues than is quick stretching
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How do warm-up exercises help
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they prelengthen potentially strained tissues and they increase the temperature and metabolism of the muscle and better oxygenation
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Benefits of stretching
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thought to improve kinesthetic awareness
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how do elastic support bandages or adhesive tape wrapping help in exercise?
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they are thought to reduce the risk of sprains, but some think they may increase the risk of injury
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impingement syndrome
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entrapment of soft tissue structures under coracoacromial arch of the shoulder
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treatment for impingement syndrome
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NSAIDs; rest until sx decrease and then gradual ROM and strengthening exercises
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Rotator cuff tear
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tear within muscle ore ligaments of shoulder
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treatment for minor rotator cuff tear
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if minor, rest, NSAIDs, and gradual mobilization
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treatment for major rotator cuff tear
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Surgical repair
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Shin splints
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inflammation along tibial shaft from tearing away of tendons caused by improper shoes, overuse, or running on hard pavement
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treatment for shin splints
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rest, ice NSAIDs, proper shoes; gradual increase in activity; if pain persists, x-ray should be done to rule out stress fracture of tibia
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Tendinitis
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inflammation of tendon in uppor or lower extremity as a result of overuse or incorrect use
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treatment for tendinitis
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rest, ice, NSAIDs; gradual return to sport activity; protective brace(orthosis)may be necessary if sx recur
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Ligament injury
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tearing or stretching of ligament;
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Symptoms of a ligament injury
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sudden pain, swelling, instability
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common cause of ligament injury
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result of a direct blow
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treatment for ligament injury
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rest, ice, NSAIDs,; protection of the affected extremity by use of brace; if sx persist, surgical rapair may be necessary
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meniscal injury
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injury to fibrocartilage of the knee charactized by popping, clicking, or tearing sensation, swelling
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treatment for meniscal injury
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rest, ice NSAIDs; gradual return to regular activities; if sx persist, surgical arthroscopy to diagnose and repair meniscal injury may be necessary
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What does immediate care of sprains and strains focus on?
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RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) plus analgesia as necessary
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RICE
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rest, ice, compression, elevation
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extremity movement in strains and sprains
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movement should be limited and stopped if pain is felt
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physiologic changes in cryotherapy
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vasoconstriction and reduction in number of nerve transmissions
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beneficial effects of cryotherapy
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analgesia, anesthesia, reduction of muscle spasm, reduction of edema and inflammation, reduction of metabolic requirements
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When is cryotherapy most useful?
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right after the injury has occured
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cryotherapy application
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do not exceede 20-30 minutes per application with a warm-up time of 10-15 minutes between applications
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Benefit of compression
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helps limit swelling
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What can swelling cause if left uncontrolled?
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could lengthen healing time
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How can you tell if a compression bandage is too tight?
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numbness is felt in the area or there is cramping or additional pain or swelling beyond the edge of the bandage
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application of compression
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bandage can be left in place for 30 minutes and then removed for 15 minutes
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positioning of sprained or strained extremity
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should be elevated above the aeart level
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why should the strained/sprained extremity be elevated?
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reduce edema
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when should the strained/sprained extremity be elevated
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as much as possible, even while sleeping
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How long does the acute phase of a sprain or strain usually last
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24-48 hours
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what kind of compresses should be applied after the acute phase of a sprain or strain
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warm moist
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Application of heat in sprains and strains
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should not exceed 20-30 minutes with a cool-down period between applications
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What do NSAIDs do for a sprain or strain
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may be recommended to decrease edema and pain
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should the patient use a strained or sprained limb?
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yes, provided the joint is protected by means of casting, bracng, taping, or splinting
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why should movement of a sprained or strained limb be encouraged?
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movement of the joint maintains nutrition to the cartilage, and muscle contraction improves circulation and resulotion of the contusion
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Application of heat in sprains and strains
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should not exceed 20-30 minutes with a cool-down period between applications
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What do NSAIDs do for a sprain or strain
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may be recommended to decrease edema and pain
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should the patient use a strained or sprained limb?
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yes, provided the joint is protected by means of casting, bracng, taping, or splinting
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why should movement of a sprained or strained limb be encouraged?
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movement of the joint maintains nutrition to the cartilage, and muscle contraction improves circulation and resulotion of the contusion
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